International Journal of Behavioral Sciences

International Journal of Behavioral Sciences

Cognitive performance of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in autobiographical, working and prospective memory in comparison with normal people

Authors
Alireza Moradi 1
Bita Afsardeir 2
Hadi Parhoon 1
Haleh Sanaei 3
1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
3 4Department of clinical psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Shiraz (International Division), Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to compare the cognitive performance of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in the field of autobiographical, prospective and working memory compared to normal people.Method: In a causal-comparative study using convenience sampling 200 patients with MS (100 were affected less and 100 were affected more than 2 years (and 100 healthy individuals were matched regarding their age, sex, education level and economic conditions. Research tools included Autobiographical Memory Interviews (AMI), Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), questionnaire of Prospective Oriented Memory (POM) and the information processing index. The obtained data were analyzed using MANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.Results: The results showed that in all three areas of working, autobiographical and prospective memory there is a significant difference between MS patients (groups affected more and less than 2 years) and the normal group. This reflects the poor performance of MS patients in the three working, autobiographical and prospective memory compared to the normal group.Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that the MS disease can damage cognitive performance. Providing cognitive rehabilitation exercises in order to improve cognitive performance and processing speed in these patients is debatable. Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Autobiographical Memory, Working Memory, Prospective Memory
  1. References
  2. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet. 2008;372(9648):1502-17.
  3. Cohen JA, Rae-Grant A. Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis. Tarporley: Springer Healthcare Ltd; 2010.
  4. Iaffaldano P, Viterbo RG, Goretti B, Portaccio E, Amato MP, Trojano M. Emotional and neutral verbal memory impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2014 6/15/;341(1–2):28-31.
  5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005 Oct;62(10):1097-106. PubMed PMID: 16203955.
  6. Milo R, Kahana E. Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmunity reviews. 2010 Mar;9(5):A387-94..
  7. Alonso A, Hernan MA. Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology. 2008 Jul 8;71(2):129-35. PubMed PMID: 18606967.
  8. Loma I, Heyman R. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Current neuropharmacology. 2011 Sep;9(3):409-16. PubMed PMID: 22379455.
  9. O’Gorman C, Lucas R, Taylor B. Environmental Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis: A Review with a Focus on Molecular Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012;13(9):11718-52.
  10. Weiner HL, JM S. Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Therapy. Blackwell: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
  11. Ogden J. Health Psychology: A Textbook. Edition F, editor: McGraw-Hill Education; 2012.
  12. Kollndorfer K, Krajnik J, Woitek R, Freiherr J, Prayer D, Schöpf V. Altered likelihood of brain activation in attention and working memory networks in patients with multiple sclerosis: An ALE meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2013 12//;37(10, Part 2):2699-708.
  13. Benedict RH, Cookfair D, Gavett R, Gunther M, Munschauer F, Garg N, et al. Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 2006 Jul;12(4):549-58.
  14. Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology. 2008 Dec;7(12):1139-51.
  15. Rosti-Otajarvi EM, Hamalainen PI. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014;2:CD009131.
  16. Jongen PJ, Ter Horst AT, Brands AM. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Minerva medica. 2012 Apr;103(2):73-96.
  17. Hulst HE, Schoonheim MM, Van Geest Q, Uitdehaag BM, Barkhof F, Geurts JJ. Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: Relevance of hippocampal activation and hippocampal connectivity. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2015 Feb 13.
  18. Muller S, Saur R, Greve B, Melms A, Hautzinger M, Fallgatter AJ, et al. Similar autobiographical memory impairment in long-term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2013 Feb;19(2):225-32.
  19. Ernst A, Blanc F, Voltzenlogel V, de Seze J, Chauvin B, Manning L. Autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis patients: assessment and cognitive facilitation. Neuropsychological rehabilitation. 2013;23(2):161-81. PubMed PMID: 22978301. Epub 2012/09/18. eng.
  20. Kenealy PM, Beaumont GJ, Lintern T, Murrell R. Autobiographical memory, depression and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2000 Feb;22(1):125-31.
  21. Rendell PG, Henry JD, Phillips LH, de la Piedad Garcia X, Booth P, Phillips P, et al. Prospective memory, emotional valence, and multiple sclerosis. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2012;34(7):738-49.
  22. Kardiasmenos KS, Clawson DM, Wilken JA, Wallin MT. Prospective memory and the efficacy of a memory strategy in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology. 2008 Nov;22(6):746-54.
  23. Bravin JH, Kinsella GJ, Ong B, Vowels L. A study of performance of delayed intentions in multiple sclerosis. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2000 Jun;22(3):418-29.
  24. Dismukes R, K,. Prospective Memory in Aviation and Everyday Settings, In Kliegel, M., McDaniel, M.A. & Einstein, G.O. (Eds.), Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 2007.
  25. Woods SP, Iudicello JE, Moran LM, Carey CL, Dawson MS, Grant I. HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning. Neuropsychology. 2008 Jan;22(1):110-7.
  26. Insel KC, Cole L. Individualizing memory strategies to improve medication adherence. Applied nursing research : ANR. 2005 Nov;18(4):199-204.
  27. Parmenter BA, Shucard JL, Benedict RH, Shucard DW. Working memory deficits in multiple sclerosis: comparison between the n-back task and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 2006 Sep;12:587-677.
  28. Genova HM, Lengenfelder J, Chiaravalloti ND, Moore NB, DeLuca J. Processing speed versus working memory: contributions to an information-processing task in multiple sclerosis. Applied neuropsychology Adult. 2012;19(2):132-40.
  29. Ruet A, Hamel D, Deloire MS, Charre-Morin J, Saubusse A, Brochet B. Information processing speed impairment and cerebellar dysfunction in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2014 Oct 12;347(1-2):246-50.
  30. Ochi H. [Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis]. Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo. 2014 Oct;66(10):1201-9.
  31. Sperling RA, Guttmann CR, Hohol MJ, Warfield SK, Jakab M, Parente M, et al. Regional magnetic resonance imaging lesion burden and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Archives of neurology. 2001 Jan;58(1):115-21.
  32. Hillary FG, Chiaravalloti ND, Ricker JH, Steffener J, Bly BM, Lange G, et al. An investigation of working memory rehearsal in multiple sclerosis using fMRI. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2003 Oct;25(7):965-78.
  33. Sweet LH, Rao SM, Primeau M, Mayer AR, Cohen RA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory among multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2004 Apr;14(2):150-7.
  34. Denney DR, Lynch SG, Parmenter BA, Horne N. Cognitive impairment in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: mostly a matter of speed. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 2004 Nov;10(7):948-56.
  35. Baddeley AD. Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1987.
  36. Smith RE. The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance. Journal of experimental psychology Learning, memory, and cognition. 2003 May;29(3):347-61.
  37. Crawford JR, Henry JD, Ward AL, Blake J. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): latent structure, normative data and discrepancy analysis for proxy-ratings. The British journal of clinical psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2006 Mar;45(Pt 1):83-104.
  38. Williams JM, Broadbent K. Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1986 May;95(2):144-9.
  39. Griffith JW, Sumner JA, Debeer E, Raes F, Hermans D, Mineka S, et al. An item response theory/confirmatory factor analysis of the Autobiographical Memory Test. Memory (Hove, England). 2009 Aug;17(6):609-23. PubMed PMID: 19585345.
  40. Grimley M, Dahraei H, Riding RJ. The relationship between anxiety-stability, working memory and cognitive style. Educational Studies. 2008;34(3):213-23.
  41. Tolabi S, Asadzade H, Moradi A, Farahani MN, Shokri O. Effects of working memory and cognitive fatigue on cognitive problem solving in students. Journal of Psychology, University of Tabriz. 2011;18(5):51-69.
  42. Ernst A, Noblet V, Denkova E, Blanc F, de Seze J, Gounot D, et al. Functional cerebral changes in multiple sclerosis patients during an autobiographical memory test. Memory (Hove, England). 2014 Sep 22:1-17.
  43. Ernst A, Botzung A, Gounot D, Sellal F, Blanc F, de Seze J, et al. Induced brain plasticity after a facilitation programme for autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Multiple sclerosis international. 2012;2012:820240.
  44. DeSousa EA, Albert RH, Kalman B. Cognitive impairments multiplesclerosis: A review. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias. 2002;17: 23-9.
  45. Botzung A, Denkova E, Ciuciu P, Scheiber C, Manning L. The neural bases of the constructive nature of autobiographical memories studied with a self-paced fMRI design. Memory (Hove, England). 2008 May;16(4):351-63.
  46. Rendell PG, Jensen F, Henry JD. Prospective memory in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 2007 May;13(3):410-6.
  47. Sfagos C, Papageorgiou CC, Kosma KK, Kodopadelis E, Uzunoglu NK, Vassilopoulos D, et al. Working memory deficits in multiple sclerosis: a controlled study with auditory P600 correlates. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2003 Sep;74(9):1231-5.
  48. Fuso SF, Callegaro D, Pompeia S, Bueno OF. Working memory impairment in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting patients with episodic memory deficits. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2010 Apr;68(2):205-11.
  49. Lengenfelder J, Bryant D, Diamond BJ, Kalmar JH, Moore NB, DeLuca J. Processing speed interacts with working memory efficiency in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2006;21(3):229-38.
  50. Wishart HA, Saykin AJ, McDonald BC, Mamourian AC, Flashman LA, Schuschu KR, et al. Brain activation patterns associated with working memory in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):234-8.
  51. Pelosi L, Geesken JM, Holly M, Hayward M, Blumhardt LD. Working memory impairment in early multiple sclerosis. Evidence from an event-related potential study of patients with clinically isolated myelopathy. Brain : a journal of neurology. 1997 Nov;120 ( Pt 11):2039-58.
  52. Kutzelnigg A, Lassmann H. Pathology of multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2014;122:15-58.
  53. DeLuca J, Chelune GJ, Tulsky DS, Lengenfelder J, Chiaravalloti ND. Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis? Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2004 Jun;26(4):550-62.