Comparing the Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Reality Therapy on Hemoglobin A1c in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Student in Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Dubai Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

2 Department of Medical Emergency, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran

3 Department of Psychology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of General and Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University (ATU), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the most important marker for monitoring long-term blood Glucose level control in diabetes. Currently, psychological approaches along with medical science play a significant role in the symptoms of diabetes. The present study compared the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (RT) on HbA1c level in Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients.
Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 100 patients referred to diabetes clinics in Torbat Heydarieh, 2020. For this purpose, 60 patients were selected using the available method and were randomly allocated into two experimental groups and one control group (equally 20 people in each group). Data collection tools included the blood glycosylated hemoglobin test and demographic information. Data analysis was done using SPSS and covariance analysis.
Results: Findings revealed that there is a significant difference between the HbA1c scores of ACT, RT with control groups in T2D patients. The mean of HbA1c after the intervention in the ACT group significantly decreased compared to the RT group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ACT is more effective in T2D patients than RT. Therefore, this technique can be used in order to improve the control indicators of T2D patients.

Keywords


  1. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2011;94(3):311-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029
  2. Egede LE, Dismuke CE. Serious psychological distress and diabetes: a review of the literature. Current psychiatry reports. 2012;14(1):15-22. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0240-0
  3. Jones L, Crabb S, Turnbull D, Oxlad M. Barriers and facilitators to effective type 2 diabetes management in a rural context: a qualitative study with diabetic patients and health professionals. Journal of health psychology. 2014;19(3):441-53. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/1359105312473786
  4. Mohseni M, Sharifi A. Evaluating the beliefs on insulin injection non-adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in Ilam city. 2. 2018;1(2). http://newresearch.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html
  5. Ghazi A, Landerman LR, Lien LF, Colon-Emeric CS. Impact of race on the incidence of hypoglycemia in hospitalized older adults with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2013;31(2):66-72.
  6. Mostafavi Z, Mostafavian Z. Prevalence of diabetes type 2 and relationship of it with anthropometric measures in urban population of Mashhad during 2011-2013. Medical Sciences Journal. 2015;5(2):1-10. http://medicine.sinaweb.net/article_529204_f0d5231965de3b8d21b4d1118f6b8f66.pdf?lang=en
  7. Brito-Sanfiel M, Diago-Cabezudo J, Calderon A. Economic impact of hypoglycemia on healthcare in Spain. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research. 2010;10(6):649-60. http://doi.org/10.1586/erp.10.73
  8. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care. 2001;24(6):1069-78. http://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069
  9. Behzadi S, Tajeri B, Sodagar S, Shariati Z. Comparison of the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (WDEP) on life satisfaction and self-care behaviors in the elderly with type II diabetes. Journal of Applied Family Therapy. 2021 Dec 22;2(4):483-501.
  10. Kalra S, Jena BN, Yeravdekar R. Emotional and psychological needs of people with diabetes. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2018;22(5):696. http://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_579_17
  11. Goodrich DE, Kilbourne AM, Nord KM, Bauer MS. Mental health collaborative care and its role in primary care settings. Current psychiatry reports. 2013;15(8):1-12. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0383-2
  12. Yang X, Li Z, Sun J. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy–based intervention on improving glycaemic, psychological, and physiological outcomes in adult patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2020;11:711. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00711
  13. Gregg JA, Callaghan GM, Hayes SC, Glenn-Lawson JL. Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2007;75(2):336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.336
  14. Hayes SC, Levin ME, Plumb-Vilardaga J, Villatte JL, Pistorello J. Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior therapy. 2013;44(2):180-98. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
  15. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour research and therapy. 2006;44(1):1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  16. Feliu-Soler A, Montesinos F, Gutiérrez-Martínez O, Scott W, McCracken LM, Luciano JV. Current status of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a narrative review. Journal of pain research. 2018;11:2145. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S144631
  17. Pourmohamadi S, Bagheri F. Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Automatic Cognitive Processing. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2015;11(3):141-59. http://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2015.2080
  18. McCracken LM, Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Eccleston C. Acceptance of pain in adolescents with chronic pain: Validation of an adapted assessment instrument and preliminary correlation analyses. European journal of pain. 2010;14(3):316-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.05.002
  19. Harvey JN. Psychosocial interventions for the diabetic patient. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: Targets and therapy. 2015;8:29-43. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S44352
  20. Twohig MP, Levin ME. Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for anxiety and depression: A review. Psychiatric clinics. 2017;40(4):751-70.
  21. Emmelkamp PM, Meyerbröker K. Virtual reality therapy in mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2021;17:495-519. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923
  22. Farhadi A, Salehin S, Aghayan S, Keramat A, Talebi S. The Effectiveness of Reality Therapy Based on Choice Theory on Marital Intimacy and Sexual Satisfaction of Newly Married Women. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care. 2020;28(2):83-92. http://doi.org/10.30699/ajnmc.28.2.83
  23. Robey PA. Reality therapy and choice theory: An interview with Robert Wubbolding. The Family Journal. 2011;19(2):231-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480710397129
  24. Glasser W. Reality therapy: A new approach to psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row; 1965.
  25. Bach PA, Moran DJ. ACT in practice: Case conceptualization in acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications; 2008 May 1.
  26. Shayeghian Z, Amiri P, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Besharat MA. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on improvement of glaycated hemoglobin and self-care activities in patients with type II diabetes. Contemporary Psychology, Biannual Journal of the Iranian Psychological Association. 2016;10(2):41-50. http://bjcp.ir/article-1-897-en.pdf
  27. Bani Hashemi S, Hatami M, Hasani J, sahebi a. Comparing Effectiveness of the Cognitive-behavioral Therapy, Reality Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Quality of Life, General Health, and Coping Strategies of Chronic Patient’s Caregivers. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2020;12(1):63-76. http://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2020.18992.1757
  28. khanbabaei N, mojtabaie M, rafiepoor A. Comparison the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (WDEP) on Self-care Behaviors in Female Patients with Breast Cancer. Journal of Counseling Research. 2022; 20 (80) :158-183. URL: http://irancounseling.ir/journal/article-1-1478-en.html
  29. Asadi Khalili M, Emadian S O, Fakhri M K. Comparison of the effectiveness of reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on social anxiety and attitude to the life in head of household women with. Iranian Journal of Psychiatic Nursing. 2020; 8 (4) :10-23.
    URL: http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1598-en.html
  30. Behzadi S, Tajeri B, Sodagar S, Shariati Z. Comparison of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and reality therapy on death Stress, biomarkers of FBS and HbA1c in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2022 Jul 23;65(3). doi: 10.22038/mjms.2022.64326.3780
  31. Chia CW, Egan JM, Ferrucci L. Age-related changes in glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk. Circulation research. 2018;123(7):886-904. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312806