The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on Improving Self-Care Skills among Women with Chronic Schizophrenia

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-Sina psychiatric Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

2 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

3 Associate Professor in Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

4 Msc in Psychology, Payam Noor University of Garmsar, Garmsar, Iran

5 MSc in Psychiatric Nursing, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibne-Sina psychiatric Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

6 Ms in Islamic Psychology, Payam Noor University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran

7 Ph.D. Student in Nursing, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating disease that imposes a great care of burden on families and mental health care providers. Therefore, the issue of self-care is very important in these patients, but few studies have addressed this issue.
Objective: This study examines the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy on improving self-care skills in women with chronic schizophrenia.
Method: Women with chronic schizophrenia were studied in two groups of intervention (N=9) and control (N=10) at Hejazi Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The intervention group received cognitive-behavioral group therapy and the control group received routine care. The researcher-made self-care questionnaire was completed before intervention and six months after the intervention.
Findings: The results of the Mann-Whitney test indicated that there were significant difference between two groups. These difference were especially about variation in the mean of total score of self-care skills before and after intervention, (Z=3/56, p=0/001, Cohen’s d= 2/36) as well as before the intervention and six months after the intervention (z=2/01, p=0/04, Cohen’s d= 0/21).
Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy can affect self-care skills in women with chronic schizophrenia

Keywords

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References:

1.    Siu CO, Harvey PD, Agid O, Waye M, Brambilla C, Choi W-K, et al. Insight and subjective measures of quality of life in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research Cognition. 2015;2(1):127-32.

2.    Chen SR, Chien YP, Kang CM, Jeng C, Chang WY. Comparing self-efficacy and self-care behaviours between outpatients with comorbid schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes and outpatients with only type 2 diabetes. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2014;21(5):414-22.

3.    Hsu Y-C, Lin W-Q, Kuo H-W. Schizophrenic Patients’ Poor Perception in Personal Hygiene. Mental health in family medicine. 2017;13(1):369-74.

4.    Donato K. Self-Care as a Burdened Virtue. Episteme 2017;28(3):34-47.

5.    Holmberg SK, Kane C. Health and self-care practices of persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatric services. 1999;50(6):827-9.

6.    Ausili D, Masotto M, Dall'Ora C, Salvini L, Mauro SD. A literature review on self-care of chronic illness: definition, assessment and related outcomes. Professioni infermieristiche. 2014;67(3):180-9.

7.    Bible LJ, Casper KA, Seifert JL, Porter KA. Assessment of self-care and medication adherence in individuals with mental health conditions. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2017;57(3s):s203-s10.

8.    Karanci NA, Gok AC, Yıldırım B, Borhan N. Social support perceptions of Turkish people with schizophrenia: What helps and what doesn’t help. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2017.

9.    -Koolaee AK, Etemadi A. The outcome of family interventions for the mothers of schizophrenia patients in Iran. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2010;56(6):634-46.

10.  Warman DM, Beck AT. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: An Overview of Treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2003;10(3):254-48.

11.  Orfanos S, Banks C, Priebe S. Are group psychotherapeutic treatments effective for patients with schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2015;84(4):241-9.

12.  Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Synopsis of Psycchiatry Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.

13.  Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, McCartan D, Xenitidis K. Evaluation of Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD. Journal of attention disorders. 2009;12(5):434-41.

14.  Kukla M, Bell MD, Lysaker PH. A randomized controlled trial examining a cognitive behavioral therapy intervention enhanced with cognitive remediation to improve work and neurocognition outcomes among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia research. 2018;197(1):400-6.

15.  Naeem F, Farooq S, Kingdon D. Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;40(5):958-9.

16.  Kim S-W, Jang J-E, Lee J-Y, Lee G-Y, Yu H-Y, Park C, et al. Effects of Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Young Patients in the Early Stage of Psychosis. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(5):609-17.

17.  Wykes T. Cognitive-behaviour therapy and schizophrenia. Evidence-based mental health. 2014;17(3):67-8.

18.  Jones C, Hacker D, Meaden A, Cormac I, Irving CB, Xia J, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018(11).

19.  Halperin S, Nathan P, Drummond P, Castle D. A cognitive–behavioural, group-based intervention for social anxiety in schizophrenia. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 2000;34(5):809-13.

20.  Kunikata H, Yoshinaga N, Nakajima K. Effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem on community-living individuals with mental illness: Non-randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2016;70(1):457-68.

21.  Parhizkar N, Fadardi JS. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy based on executive functioning on symptoms in students with attention deficient hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2014;8(2):115-22.

22.  Zargar Y. The effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on thought-action fusion, thought suppression, and guilt feeling in university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2013;7(1):7-12.

23.  Penn DL, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M. A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia research. 2009;109(1-3):59-2.

24.  Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin. 1987;13(2):261-76.

25.  Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Psychometric properties of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia. Psychiatry research. 1994;53(1):31-40.

26.  Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin. 1987;13(2):261-76.

27.  Nahm FS. Nonparametric statistical tests for the continuous data: the basic concept and the practical use. Korean journal of anesthesiology. 2016;69(1):8-14.

28.  Durlak JA. How to Select, Calculate, and Interpret Effect Sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2009;34(9):917-28.

29.  Chapple A, Rogers A. ‘Self‐care’and its relevance to developing demand management strategies: a review of qualitative research. Health & social care in the community. 1999;7(6):445-54.

30.  Yoshii H, Kitamura N, Akazawa K, Saito H. Effects of an educational intervention on oral hygiene and self-care among people with mental illness in Japan: a longitudinal study. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17(1):1-8.

 

 

References

References
1.    Siu CO, Harvey PD, Agid O, Waye M, Brambilla C, Choi W-K, et al. Insight and subjective measures of quality of life in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research Cognition. 2015;2(1):127-32.
2.    Chen SR, Chien YP, Kang CM, Jeng C, Chang WY. Comparing self-efficacy and self-care behaviours between outpatients with comorbid schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes and outpatients with only type 2 diabetes. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2014;21(5):414-22.
3.    Hsu Y-C, Lin W-Q, Kuo H-W. Schizophrenic Patients’ Poor Perception in Personal Hygiene. Mental health in family medicine. 2017;13(1):369-74.
4.    Donato K. Self-Care as a Burdened Virtue. Episteme 2017;28(3):34-47.
5.    Holmberg SK, Kane C. Health and self-care practices of persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatric services. 1999;50(6):827-9.
6.    Ausili D, Masotto M, Dall'Ora C, Salvini L, Mauro SD. A literature review on self-care of chronic illness: definition, assessment and related outcomes. Professioni infermieristiche. 2014;67(3):180-9.
7.    Bible LJ, Casper KA, Seifert JL, Porter KA. Assessment of self-care and medication adherence in individuals with mental health conditions. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2017;57(3s):s203-s10.
8.    Karanci NA, Gok AC, Yıldırım B, Borhan N. Social support perceptions of Turkish people with schizophrenia: What helps and what doesn’t help. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2017.
9.    -Koolaee AK, Etemadi A. The outcome of family interventions for the mothers of schizophrenia patients in Iran. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2010;56(6):634-46.
10.   Warman DM, Beck AT. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: An Overview of Treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2003;10(3):254-48.
11.   Orfanos S, Banks C, Priebe S. Are group psychotherapeutic treatments effective for patients with schizophrenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2015;84(4):241-9.
12.   Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Synopsis of Psycchiatry Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.
13.   Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, McCartan D, Xenitidis K. Evaluation of Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD. Journal of attention disorders. 2009;12(5):434-41.
14.   Kukla M, Bell MD, Lysaker PH. A randomized controlled trial examining a cognitive behavioral therapy intervention enhanced with cognitive remediation to improve work and neurocognition outcomes among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia research. 2018;197(1):400-6.
15.   Naeem F, Farooq S, Kingdon D. Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;40(5):958-9.
16.   Kim S-W, Jang J-E, Lee J-Y, Lee G-Y, Yu H-Y, Park C, et al. Effects of Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Young Patients in the Early Stage of Psychosis. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(5):609-17.
17.   Wykes T. Cognitive-behaviour therapy and schizophrenia. Evidence-based mental health. 2014;17(3):67-8.
18.   Jones C, Hacker D, Meaden A, Cormac I, Irving CB, Xia J, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018(11).
19.   Halperin S, Nathan P, Drummond P, Castle D. A cognitive–behavioural, group-based intervention for social anxiety in schizophrenia. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 2000;34(5):809-13.
20.   Kunikata H, Yoshinaga N, Nakajima K. Effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem on community-living individuals with mental illness: Non-randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2016;70(1):457-68.
21.   Parhizkar N, Fadardi JS. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy based on executive functioning on symptoms in students with attention deficient hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2014;8(2):115-22.
22.   Zargar Y. The effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on thought-action fusion, thought suppression, and guilt feeling in university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2013;7(1):7-12.
23.   Penn DL, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M. A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia research. 2009;109(1-3):59-2.
24.   Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin. 1987;13(2):261-76.
25.   Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Psychometric properties of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia. Psychiatry research. 1994;53(1):31-40.
26.   Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin. 1987;13(2):261-76.
27.   Nahm FS. Nonparametric statistical tests for the continuous data: the basic concept and the practical use. Korean journal of anesthesiology. 2016;69(1):8-14.
28.   Durlak JA. How to Select, Calculate, and Interpret Effect Sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2009;34(9):917-28.
29.   Chapple A, Rogers A. ‘Self‐care’and its relevance to developing demand management strategies: a review of qualitative research. Health & social care in the community. 1999;7(6):445-54.
30.   Yoshii H, Kitamura N, Akazawa K, Saito H. Effects of an educational intervention on oral hygiene and self-care among people with mental illness in Japan: a longitudinal study. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17(1):1-8.
 
 
International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume 13, Issue 4
March 2020
Pages 135-141

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