The comparison of borderline traits among schizophrenic patients, theirs first degree relatives and normal people groups

Author

3Department of Clinical Psychology, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Borderline personality disorder as a one of psychotic borderline condition is similar to Schizophrenia at lower level. In other hand, there is more evidence that genetic liability to schizophrenia is present among non-psychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients. The aim of this research was to investigating borderline traits among schizophrenic patients, theirs first degree relatives and normal people groupsMethod: The current study was conducted in cross-sectional context.  The study population included all patients and their first degree relatives referred to the Razi psychiatric hospital in Tabriz city. Out of which 80 were selected by convenience sampling. The sample was divided into two groups, 34 with schizophrenia diagnosis, 50 first degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and the other 34 with any previous psychiatric disorders. Participants answered to Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI). To analyze the data, one way analysis of variance was used.Results: The results showed mean scores of borderline traits are significantly different in three groups (P<0.001, F=57.15) accordingly schizophrenic patients, theirs first degree relatives and normal people have more scores in borderline traits respectively.Conclusion: The results indicate the importance of heredity factors in developing schizophrenia and it can discuss in line of stress vulnerability model.Keywords: schizophrenia, borderline personality, first degree relatives, stress vulnerability model

Keywords


1.    Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jönsson B. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. European journal of neurology. 2012;19(1):155-62.
2.                                                            Pearson JS, Kley IB. On the application of genetic expectancies as age-specific base rates in the study of human behavior disorders. Psychological bulletin. 1957;54(5):406.
3.    Eysenck HJ. The definition and measurement of psychoticism. Personality and individual differences. 1992;13(7):757-85.
4.    Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000;943:2000.
5.    Cheavens JS, Rosenthal MZ, Daughters SB, Nowak J, Kosson D, Lynch TR, et al. An analogue investigation of the relationships among perceived parental criticism, negative affect, and borderline personality disorder features: The role of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005;43(2):257-68.
6.    Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159(2):276-83.
7.    Compton MT, Chien VH, Bollini AM. Associations between past alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use and current schizotypy among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2009;80(3):143-54.
8.    Tarbox SI, Pogue-Geile MF. A multivariate perspective on schizotypy and familial association with schizophrenia: a review. Clinical psychology review. 2011;31(7):1169-82.
9.    Onstad S SI, Edvardsen J,  Torgersen S,  Kringlen E. Mental disorders in first-degree relatives of schizophrenics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2007:463-7.
10.   Torgersen S, Edvardsen J, Øien P, Onstad S, Skre I, Lygren S, et al. Schizotypal personality disorder inside and outside the schizophrenic spectrum. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;54(1):33-8.
11.   Kernberg O. Severe personality disorders. new Haven and london. Yale University Press; 1984.
12.   Chabrol H, Montovany A, Ducongé E, Kallmeyer A, Mullet E, Leichsenring F. Factor Structure of the Borderline Personality Inventory in Adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2004;20(1):59.
13.   Claridge G, Broks P. Schizotypy and hemisphere function—I: Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences. 1984;5(6):633-48.
14.   Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Kwapil TR, Eckblad M, Zinser MC. Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1994;103(2):171.
15.   Chapman LJ CJ, Kwapil TR. Scales for themeasurement of schizotypy. In: Raine, A., Lencz, T., Mednick, S.A. (Eds.), Schizotypal Personality. Cambridge University Press.Cambridge, New York(1995).
16.   Johns LC, Van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical psychology review. 2001;21(8):1125-41.
17.   David A. Why we need more debate on whether psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality. Psychological medicine. 2010;40(12):1935-42.
18.   Leichsenring F. Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1999;73(1):45-63.
19.                                                                             Mohammadzadeh A, Rezaie A. Validation of the borderline personality inventory in Iran. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2011;5(3):269-77.
20.   Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington P. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological medicine. 2001;31(02):189-95.
21.   Kinderman P. A psychological model of mental disorder. Harvard review of psychiatry. 2005;13(4):206-17.
22.   Zubin J, Spring B. Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1977;86(2):103.
23.   Myin-Germeys I, van Os J. Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical psychology review. 2007;27(4):409-24.
24.   Freeman D, Garety PA, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Bebbington PE, Dunn G. Why do people with delusions fail to choose more realistic explanations for their experiences? An empirical investigation. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2004;72(4):671-80.
25.   Dudley R, Over D. People with delusions jump to conclusions: a theoretical account of research findings on the reasoning of people with delusions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2003;10(5):263-74.