1. Jaworska N, MacQueen G. Adolescence as a unique developmental period. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN. 2015;40(5):291. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150268
2. Klonsky ED, Victor SE, Saffer BY. Nonsuicidal self-injury: what we know, and what we need to know. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA; 2014. p. 565-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405901101
3. Nock MK. Self-injury. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2010;6(1):339-63. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258
4. Wang Y-J, Li X, Ng CH, Xu D-W, Hu S, Yuan T-F. Risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents: A meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101350
5. He K, Chen L, Fan H, Sun L, Yang T, Liu H, Wang K. Effects of rumination and emotional regulation on non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in depressed adolescents in China: a multicenter study. Psychology research and behavior management. 2025:271-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S483267
6. Zhou Q, Liang Y, Gao Y, Liu X. Social support and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The differential influences of family, friends, and teachers. Journal of youth and adolescence. 2025;54(2):414-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02066-8
7. Zhao J, Li A, Li K, Zhao F. How Is Rejection Sensitivity Linked to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury? Exploring Social Anxiety and Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy as Explanatory Processes in a Longitudinal Study of Chinese Adolescents. Behavioral Sciences. 2024;14(10):943. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100943
8. Jiang Y, Ren Y, Liu T, You J. Rejection sensitivity and adolescent non‐suicidal self‐injury: Mediation through depressive symptoms and moderation by fear of self‐compassion. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2021;94:481-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12293
9. Downey G, Feldman SI. Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1996;70(6):1327. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.6.1327
10. Romero-Canyas R, Downey G. Rejection sensitivity as a predictor of affective and behavioral responses to interpersonal stress: A defensive motivational system. The Social Outcast: Psychology Press; 2013. p. 131-54. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-13813-008
11. Somerville LH. The teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Current directions in psychological science. 2013;22(2):121-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413476512
12. Gratz KL. Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003;10(2):192. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1093/clipsy.bpg022
13. Olweus D, Hart C. Bullies on the playground: The role of victimization. Children on playgrounds: Research perspectives and applications. 1993:85-128. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-98114-003
14. Hong JS, Espelage DL. A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and violent behavior. 2012;17(4):311-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.003
15. Modecki KL, Minchin J, Harbaugh AG, Guerra NG, Runions KC. Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2014;55(5):602-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
16. Samadieh H, Soleimani S. Family Functioning and Bullying Experiences: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Early Adolescence. International Journal of Psychology. 2025; 18(1): 153-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.61882/ijpb.18.1.153
17. Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design: Harvard university press; 1979.
18. Prinstein MJ, Boergers J, Vernberg EM. Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of clinical child psychology. 2001;30(4):479-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_05
19. Wen A, Shi J, Wu N, Yuan L. The relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a moderated mediation model. Current Psychology. 2024;43(28):23779-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06117-y
20. Ruan Q-N, Liu L, Shen G-H, Wu Y-W, Yan W-J. Alexithymia and peer victimisation: interconnected pathways to adolescent non-suicidal self-injury. BJPsych open. 2024;10(2):e46. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.653
21. Perlman D, Peplau LA. Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal relationships. 1981;3:31-56.
22. Zhao J, Wu Y, Yuan J, Miao J, Wang X, Yang Y, Zang S. Association between interpersonal sensitivity and loneliness in college nursing students based on a network approach. BMC nursing. 2024;23(1):864. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02537-0
23. Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes. Journal of adolescence. 2013;36(6):1283-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005
24. Samadieh H, Rezaei M. A serial mediation model of sense of belonging to university and life satisfaction: The role of social loneliness and depression. Acta Psychologica. 2024;250:104562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104562
25. Matthews T, Caspi A, Danese A, Fisher HL, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood. Development and psychopathology. 2022;34(1):367-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001005
26. Reshvanloo FT, Rezvani TS, Samadiye H, Kareshki H. Psychometric Properties of the Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships with Friends Scale in University Students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2023;24(2):121-32.
27. Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Samadieh H, Goli B. Psychometric Properties of the Sense of Belonging Instrument Among University Students: Testing the Theory of Human Relatedness. Social Psychology Research. 2024;14(53):17-32. https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2024.419090.1869
28. London B, Downey G, Bonica C, Paltin I. Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2007;17(3):481-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x
29. Preece DA, Goldenberg A, Becerra R, Boyes M, Hasking P, Gross JJ. Loneliness and emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021;180:110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110974
30. Moradi M, Ghanaei Chamanabad A. Predicting Social and Emotional Loneliness in Students Based on Emotional Dysregulation: The Moderating Role of Gender. Recent Innovations in Psychology. 2024;1(4):1-16.
31. Zhang B, Zhang W, Sun L, Jiang C, Zhou Y, He K. Relationship between alexithymia, loneliness, resilience and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depression: a multi-center study. BMC psychiatry. 2023;23(1):445. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04938-y
32. Gazelle H, Rudolph KD. Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development. 2004;75(3):829-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00709.x
33. Kochenderfer BJ, Ladd GW. Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment? Child development. 1996;67(4):1305-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01797.x
34. Boivin M, Hymel S. Peer experiences and social self-perceptions: a sequential model. Developmental psychology. 1997;33(1):135. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.33.1.135
35. Graham S, Bellmore AD, Mize J. Peer victimization, aggression, and their co-occurrence in middle school: Pathways to adjustment problems. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2006;34(3):349-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9030-2
36. Storch EA, Masia-Warner C. The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescent females. Journal of adolescence. 2004;27(3):351-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.003
37. Madsen KR, Damsgaard MT, Petersen K, Qualter P, Holstein BE. Bullying at school, cyberbullying, and loneliness: national representative study of adolescents in Denmark. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2024;21(4):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040414
38. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner Jr TE. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological review. 2010;117(2):575. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2010-06891-010
39. Taylor PJ, Jomar K, Dhingra K, Forrester R, Shahmalak U, Dickson JM. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;227:759-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.073
40. Liu RT, Sheehan AE, Walsh RF, Sanzari CM, Cheek SM, Hernandez EM. Prevalence and correlates of non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review. 2019;74:101783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101783
41. Fritz MS, MacKinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological science. 2007;18(3):233-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
42. Mohammadian Y, Mahaki B, Lavasani FF, Dehghani M, Vahid MA. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of interpersonal sensitivity measure. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2017;22(1):10. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.199093
43. Olweus D. Revised Olweus bully/victim questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 1996. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/t09634-000
44. Solberg ME, Olweus D. Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression. 2003;29(3):239-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10047
45. Rezapour M, Soori H, Khodakarim S. Testing psychometric properties of the perpetration of bullying and victimization scales with olweus bullying questionnaire in middle schools. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2014; 1(4): 212-221. https://doi.org/10.22037/meipm.v1i4.6097
46. DiTommaso E, Brannen C, Best LA. Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2004;64(1):99-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258450
47. Jowkar B. Psychometric properties of the short form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S). International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2012;5(4):311-317. https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67748.html
48. Sansone RA, Wiederman MW, Sansone LA. The self‐harm inventory (SHI): Development of a scale for identifying self‐destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of clinical psychology. 1998;54(7):973-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199811)54:7%3C973::AID-JCLP11%3E3.0.CO;2-H
49. Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation: Sage publications; 2016. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-39233-000
50. West SG, Finch JF, Curran PJ. Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. 1995. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97753-004
51. Stevens JP. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Routledge; 2012. p. 337-406.
52. Neter J, Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, Wasserman W. Applied linear statistical models. 1996.
53. Dill EJ, Vernberg EM, Fonagy P, Twemlow SW, Gamm BK. Negative affect in victimized children: The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and attitudes toward bullying. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2004;32(2):159-73. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JACP.0000019768.31348.81
54. Serafini G, Aguglia A, Amerio A, Canepa G, Adavastro G, Conigliaro C, et al. The relationship between bullying victimization and perpetration and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2023;54(1):154-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01231-5
55. Huang X, Liu H, Lan Z, Deng F. The effect of loneliness on non-suicidal self-injury behavior in Chinese junior high school adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Psychology research and behavior management. 2023:1831-43. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s410535
56. Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Harris R, Van Roekel E, Lodder G, Bangee M, et al. Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on psychological science. 2015;10(2):250-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999
57. Wolters NE, Mobach L, Wuthrich VM, Vonk P, Van der Heijde CM, Wiers RW, et al. Emotional and social loneliness and their unique links with social isolation, depression and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023;329:207-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.096
58. Saeidi Rezvani T, Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Samadiye H, Kareshki H. Psychometric Properties of the General Belongingness Scale in University Students. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2021;11(4):113-30. https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2021.299681.643490
59. Guan M, Liu J, Li X, Cai M, Bi J, Zhou P, et al. The impact of depressive and anxious symptoms on non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents: a network analysis. BMC psychiatry. 2024;24(1):229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05599-1
