The Relationships between Social Intelligence and Interpersonal Forgiveness with Happiness According to the Moderating Role of Difficulties in Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Female-Headed Households

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

 

Introduction: Women's happiness represents a vital role in the performance and health of the family. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and social intelligence with happiness in female-headed households.
Method: The study was a cross-sectional study that included 261 female-headed households, which were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research instrument included the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), Interpersonal Forgiveness Measurement Questionnaire (IFMQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, and path analysis.
Results: A significant, direct, and positive relationship was observed between social intelligence and happiness. The relationship between difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation with happiness was significant, direct, and negative. There was no direct and significant relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and happiness. Difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation had a mediating role in the relationship between social intelligence and interpersonal forgiveness with happiness.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the importance of the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between social intelligence, interpersonal forgiveness, and happiness.

Keywords

References

  1. References

    1. Momenizadeh NA. Comparative analysis of household-headed women. Economic Journal (Quarterly Review of Economic Issues and Policies). 2014;14(13):95-120.
    2. Bakhtiyari A, Mohebi SF. Government and women head of household. Women's Strategic Studies. 2007;34:67-110.
    3. Sedghi-Jalal H, Aqili S, Khojasteh-Bagherzadeh H, Nemati-Anarak DA. Representation of hope and happiness on iranian television (Case report: Dorehami program). International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2020;13(4):173-178.
    4. Guriev S, Zhuravskaya E. (Un)happiness in transition. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2009;23(2):143-68.
    5. Rabbani Khorasgan A, Kianpour M. Proposed model for measuring quality of life: a case study: Isfahan city. Journal of Social Problems of Iran. 2008;4:67-108.
    6. Pandey R, Saxena P, Dubey A. Emotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health.  Europe’s Journal of Psychology. 2011;7(4):604-623.
    7. Karduz FF, Sarıçam H. The relationships between positivity, forgiveness, happiness, and revenge. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala. 2018;10(4):1-22.
    8. Brandao T, Matias M, Ferreira T, Vieira J, Schulz MS, Matos PM. Attachment, emotion regulation, and well‐being in couples: Intrapersonal and interpersonal associations. Journal of Personality. 2019;00:1-14.
    9. Ashkani S, Edalati Shateri Z, Birashk B. Lack of forgiveness as a predisposing factor to depression: Comparison of lack of forgiveness in depressed, vulnerable to depression and non-vulnerable to depression subjects. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2017;10(4):162-166.
    10. Maltby J, Day L, Barber L. Forgiveness and happiness. the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic and eudaimonia happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2005;6:1-13.
    11. Batik MV, Bingol TY, Kodaz AF, Hosoglu R. Forgiveness and subjective happiness of university students. International Journal of Higher Education. 2017;6(6):149-162.
    12. Saricam H, Adam Karduz F. Adaptation of social media usage disorder scale to turkish culture: a validity and reliability study. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. 2018;9(2):116-135.
    13. Baqutayan S, Abd Ghafar S, Gul M. The relationship between stress and emotional intelligence among postgraduate students: the case study at Perdana school, university technology malaysia. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2017;11(2):74-81.
    14. Dehdashti Lesani M, Makvandi B, Naderi F, Hafezi F. The relationships of alexithymia and social intelligence with quality of life according to the moderating role of social anxiety in women-headed household. Women’s Health Bulletin. 2019;6(4):27-35.
    15. Callea A, De Rosa D, Ferri G, Lipari F, Costanzi M. Are more intelligent people happier? emotional intelligence as mediator between need for relatedness, happiness and flourishing. Sustainability. 2019;11:1022.
    16. Aminpoor H. Relationship between social intelligence and happiness in Payame Noor University students, Scholars Research Library, Annals of Biological Research. 2013;4(5):165-168.
    17. Tkach C, Lyubomirsky S. How do people pursue happiness? relating personality, happiness-increasing strategies, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2006;7:183-225.
    18. Buss DM. The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist. 2000;55(1):15-23.
    19. Fata L, Mootabi F, Shakiba S, Barooti E. Social-Emotional intelligence as predictor of general mental health. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2008;4(2):101-124.
    20. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas, & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective 1989;(pp. 189–203). North-Holland: Elsevier.
    21. Argyle M, Lu L. The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences. 1990; 11:1011-1017.
    22. Alipoor A, Noorbala AA. A preliminary evaluation of the validity and reliability of the oxford happiness questionnaire in students in the universities of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 1999;5(1):55-66.
    23. Silvera DH, Martinussen M, Dahl TI. The Tromsø social intelligence scale, a self-report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2001;42:313-319.
    24. Rahimi H, Eftekhar HS. A study of social intelligence in students at Kashan university of medical sciences during year 2015. Journal of Nursing Education. 2016;5(3):41-6.
    25. Khalegkhah A, Rezaiisharif A, Sheikholslamy A, Pirgholi Kivi M. The relationship between social intelligence and self-efficacy with students' creative problem-solving style. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities. 2019;9(1):185-210.
    26. Ehteshamzadeh P, Ahadi H, Enayati MS, Heidari A. Construct and validation of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011;16(4):443-455.
    27. Gratz KL, Roemer E. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2004;62(1):11-41.
    28. Mohammadi R, Bahari Z, Robatmeili S, Seyed Ahmadian SMR, Karimi R. Reliability, validity, and normalization of berking's emotion- regulation skills questionnaire in the students of police university. Journal of Police Medicine. 2015;4(2):105-112.
    29. Besharat M, Ranjbar Shirazi F, Hafezi E, Ranjbari T. Emotion regulation difficulties and attachment styles in patients and normal samples. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2019;13(47):77-87.
    30. Jazayeri S, Delavar A, Dortaj F. Developing a model of happiness based on personality traits, emotional intelligence, attachment style, voluntary activities and demographic characteristics. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2018;(35):27-56.
    31. Rezaei A, Bahadorikhosroshahi J. The role of cognitive assessments and epistemological beliefs in Predicting students' academic engagement. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 2019;6(3):59-70.
    32. Khan T, Bhat S. Social intelligence, life satisfaction and depressive symptoms among adult women. International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2017;4(3):35-40.
    33. Sapmaz F, Yildirim M, Nalbant D, Sizir U. Gratitude, forgiveness and humility as predictors of subjective well-being among university students.  International Online Journal of Educational Sciences. 2016;8(1):38-47.
    34. Munoz Sastre MT, Vinsonneau G, Neto F, Girard M, Mullet E. Forgivingness and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2003;4:323-335.
    35. Sadri Damirchi E, Asadi Shishegaran S, Esmaili Ghazivaloii F. Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on cognitive emotional regulation, loneliness and social intimacy in women with addicted spouse. Quarterly Journal of Social Work. 2016;5(2):37-46.
    36. Bucich M, MacCann C. Emotional intelligence research in Australia: Past contributions and future directions. Australian Journal of Psychology. 2019;71:59-67.
    37. Pena-Sarrionandia A, Mikolajczak M, Gross JJ. Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:160.
    38. Bonfiglioli L, Forlani E, Bitti PER. Emotion and emotion regulation in forgiveness. Bi-Annual Conference of the International Society for Research on Emotion. Swiss Center for Affective Sciences. 2015;8-10.
    39. Young KS, Sandman CF, Graske MG. Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression. Brain Sciences. 2019;29:9(4): E76.
    40. Foladchang M, Hasannia S. The effectiveness of emotional regulation on happiness and self -efficacy of female- headed households. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society. 2015;5(20):89-106.
    41. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;40:1659-1669.
    42. Watanabe N, Furukawa TA, Chen J, Kinoshita Y, Nakano Y, Ogawa S, Funayama T, Ietsugu T, Noda Y. Change in quality of life and their predictors in the long-term follow-up after group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: a prospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(1):1-10.
    43. Barthel AL, Aleena H, Doan SN, Hofmann SG. Interpersonal emotion regulation: a review of social and developmental components. Behaviour Change. 2018;35(4):203-216.

International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume 15, Issue 1
April 2021
Pages 1-7

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics