Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Mental Well-being, Functional Flexibility, and Mental Cohesion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 1 8 150364 10.30491/ijbs.2022.302386.1631 EN Nasrin Zabihi Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran 0000-0002-7664-8124 Taher Tizdast Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Mohammad-Reza Zarbakhsh Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran 0000-0003-3708-2882 Journal Article 2022 03 11 Introduction: Considering the prevalence of the symptoms of type 2 diabetes, to prevent its chronicity and recurrence, it seems that measures should be taken in this regard. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on mental well-being, functional flexibility, and mental cohesion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: This quasi-experimental study was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up after two months. The statistical population included people with type 2 diabetes who were referred to Mashhad Diabetes Center in 2020. Among them, 30 individuals with type 2 diabetes were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group awaiting treatment. To collect data, the Mental Well-Being, Mental Cohesion, and Functional Flexibility Questionnaire scales were used. Results: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that time perspective treatment is effective on mental well-being, psychological cohesion, and functional flexibility in people with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that time perspective therapy can be effective on mental well-being, psychological cohesion and functional flexibility in people with type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that by using these variables by medical centers, other relevant organs and organizations, an effective step can be taken to improve the mental health status of women.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150364_cc11d3b170647dc35d52003e167de557.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Structural Equation Modeling Relationship between Symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas, Anxiety Sensitivity Components, and Perfectionism in Adolescents 9 16 150366 10.30491/ijbs.2022.306568.1658 EN Zahra Alibakhshi Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Solgi Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 13 Introduction: This study aimed to demonstrate that structural equation modeling of social anxiety disorder is based on Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) components, and perfectionism in adolescents. Method: The study was a descriptive correlation performed with path analysis. The statistical population comprised 250 female students who were selected by a cluster random sampling method in Kermanshah city in 2019. Data were gathered using the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and the Perfectionism Inventory. The data were analyzed using the path analysis method. Results: The results showed that the Root Mean Square Error is 0.068 and the Square Root of the Mean Square root is 0.063, which is less than the criterion (0.08) and thus confirms the fit of the model. Moreover, the schemas of disconnection and rejection (p <0.01, β = 0.13), impaired autonomy and performance (p <0.01, β = 0.14), impaired limits (p <0.01), Β = 0.13), other-directedness (p <0.01, β = 0.29), over vigilance and inhibition (p <0.01, β = 0.16) and AS variables (p <0.01= 0.01, β = 0.15 and perfectionism (p <0.01, β = 0.17) have a direct and significant effect on social anxiety. Conclusion: Early maladaptive schema, AS components, and perfectionism have a predictive role in social anxiety disorder among adolescents.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150366_ef0650bcff73bd2cbe3c534a211e9bd1.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Comparing Attitudes toward Marriage and Spouse Selection Criteria among People on the Verge of First Marriage and Remarriage 17 22 150373 10.30491/ijbs.2022.309181.1666 EN Nader Ayadi Department of Counseling‚ Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Maryam Fatehizade Department of Counseling‚ Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Khadijeh Zare Department of Counseling‚ Faculty of Education and Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Hadi Ebrahimi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 06 Introduction: Due to the complexities and challenges of remarriage, the present study was conducted to compare attitudes toward marriage and spouse selection criteria among people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage. Method: The present study was a causal-comparative survey. The statistical population of this study included all people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage referring to marriage registration offices and counseling centers in Shiraz, of which 112 people were elected during 2020 using the convenient sampling method. Participants completed the Braaten and Rosén's Martial Attitude Scale and Refahi et al.'s Selection Criteria Inventory. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test, for which SPSS22 was used. Results: Findings revealed that there is no significant difference between people on the verge of marriage and remarriage in terms of attitudes toward marriage. In addition, among the spouse selection criteria, single people on the verge of marriage had a higher average than remarriage (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the difference of people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage in terms of spouse selection criteria, in premarital counseling, it is better to consider the needs, conditions and criteria of each group separately.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150373_d77644da1130832fc008b6039ee2ab29.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Mediating Effect of Self-esteem in the Relationship between Loneliness and Suicidal Ideation of Male Adolescents 23 28 150374 10.30491/ijbs.2022.300993.1629 EN Salman Zarei Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran 0000-0002-4627-4854 Journal Article 2022 03 18 Introduction: Research has found that problems in interpersonal relationships are positively associated with suicidal behaviors. Nevertheless, it is required to further investigate internal mechanisms underlying this relationship. So, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation. Method: The research design was descriptive – correlational. From the male high school students’ population of Nourabad in the academic year of 2020, a total of 261 participants were selected using convenience sampling and were tested by Scale for Suicide Ideation, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. To analyze the data, path analysis were conducted. Results: The findings revealed that there is a direct effect of loneliness on suicidal ideation. Also, results showed that the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation was significant. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that loneliness and self-esteem are two important factors affecting male adolescents’ suicidal ideation. Therefore, on the basis of the results of this study, it is necessary to develop intervention strategies regarding suicide ideation for adolescents that could be established and actively implemented to prevent adolescents’ suicide.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150374_0b70b9e9b80e61ec741193f702aa551d.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Demographic Factors, Self-representation, and Social Comparison as Determinants of Depressive Symptoms in Social Media Users: A University-based Survey 29 35 150378 10.30491/ijbs.2022.313534.1711 EN Rotimi Oguntayo Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, PMB 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Abiola Oluwagbemiga Popoola Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, PMB 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Abayomi Oladele Olaseni Department of Psychology, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa Journal Article 2022 03 17 Introduction: Recent evidence show that depressive symptoms is becoming a concern among university students. However, possible determining factors of this psychopathology is under investigated, especially among university students. This study aimed to examine demographics, self-representation, and social comparison as determinants of depressive symptoms among university undergraduates. Method: This correlational study sampled 299-undergraduate students of the University of Ilorin purposively (male 66.6% and 44.4% female) in 2021. A questionnaire-pack comprising of Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation, Embodied Sense of Self, and Self-Rating Depression Scales were utilized to collect data while Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the results. Results: Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between depressive symptoms, age, and social comparison; however, depression was negatively associated with self-representation. Additionally, results indicated three prediction steps; age, relationship status, and social comparison; social comparison and relationship status, and social comparison alone as predictors of depressive symptoms at 0.20%, 19%, and 17% variance respectively among participants. Conclusion: Age, relationship status, social comparison, and self-representation can be used to explain depressive symptoms among undergraduate students. University counseling services should build these factors into intervention when treating depression among students.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150378_63de9cd60adb1c8390d22dc5017250fe.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 The Mediating Emotion Dysregulation in Relationship between Mindfulness and Body Image Concern among Female Students 36 42 150379 10.30491/ijbs.2022.315702.1699 EN Amir-Reza Bakhshandeh-Sajjad Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Shahrbanoo Aali Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-4672-2530 Bahareh Rajabi-Gol Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Amir-Hossein Hamedani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 20 Introduction: Body image concern has ever prevailed among female students. It has affected their satisfaction with life and induced psychological disorders. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between body image concern and mindfulness in the target population. Method: The present descriptive and correlational study lay within the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework. A sample of 509 subjects were selected in a convenience method. Online surveys were used to collect the required data from all female university students in Mashhad. The instruments were Gratz and Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (2003) and Littleton’s Body Image Concern Inventory (2005). The statistical procedures were run in SPSS26 and AMOS24. Results: The results showed a statistically significant direct and negative correlation between mindfulness and body image concern. Besides, a significant direct and positive correlation was found between emotion dysregulation and body image concern. The effect of mindfulness on body image concern was mediated by emotion dysregulation. The significance level of interpreting the findings was <0.05. Conclusion: Changes in body image concern can be directly explained based on mindfulness and indirectly based on emotion regulation in female students. Therefore, the use of mindfulness interventions and teaching emotion regulation strategies for this issue is recommended to psychotherapists.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150379_3fe9be7803544f448bf8ec2de8410c27.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 The Effectiveness of Couple Therapy Based on the Choice Theory on Marital Commitment and Burnout in Couples with Marital Conflicts 43 48 150380 10.30491/ijbs.2022.318790.1722 EN Sanaz Pirmoradi Department of Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran 0000-0003-1763-0255 Naser Amini Department of Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran 0000-0002-8007-1727 Moloud Keykhosrovani Department of Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran 0000-0002-0388-4265 Abdollah Shafiabadi Department of Counseling, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 19 Introduction: Marital commitment helps couples save their marriage despite difficulties and painful events. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the choice theory on marital commitment and burnout in couples with marital conflicts in Mahshahr (Iran). Method: This quasi-experimental study was based on a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all couples who visited the couple therapy clinics of Mahshahr, Iran, in 2019. Using convenience sampling, 30 participants were selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n= 15 per group). The research instruments included the Marital Burnout Questionnaire (MBQ) and Marital Commitment Questionnaire. The repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean ± SD of the post-test scores of marital commitment and marital burnout were 16.26±1.37, and 5.37±0.27 in the experimental group and 10.42±0.64 and 6.77±0.28 in the control groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test scores of marital commitment and marital burnout (P< 0.001). Conclusion: Couple therapy based on the choice theory was effective in reducing couples’ marital burnout and improving their marital commitment. Therefore, this intervention is recommended to be used to reduce marital conflicts in couples.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150380_b8d74bcb6c451d4e3efaccbe12a27127.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 The Role of Personality Disorder and Parental Lifestyle on Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents 49 54 150381 10.30491/ijbs.2022.318573.1724 EN Nastaran Ahmadi Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seyed-Mojtaba Yassini-Ardekani Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Masoud Mirzaei Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Fatemeh Rismanian-Yazdi Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Iran Rozita Khorshidi Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyed-Mohsen Araghi Department of Psychology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Amir-Houshang Mehrparvar Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 23 Introduction: This study investigates the prediction of mood disorders in children and adolescents by parental personality disorder and parenting lifestyle. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional study and, the sampling method was a multistage cluster. The statistical population was children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Yazd province. Our sample included 1035 children and adolescents who were selected from all three age groups (6-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-18 years) and their parents. Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version, demographic data (gender, age, education, parent education, and economic situation), information on lifestyle (LSQ), and parents' personality disorders (MCMI-III) questionnaires were used to obtain data. Logistic regression and cross-tab tests were used to analyze the data in SPSS16. Results: According to the obtained results, Drug avoidance (β=-0.086, p= 0.016), can predict mood disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (β= 0.101, p= 0.014) in mothers and dependent personality disorder (β= 0.081, p= 0.023) in fathers can predict mood disorders in children and adolescents. Conclusion: Lifestyle is associated with physical and mental health, in children and adolescents, which can affect their mood. In addition, the mental health of parents is a major factor in the mental health of children and adolescents that predicts their mood.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150381_1960380456fb7feec914591f8b3f07bd.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 The Study of the Lived Experience of Tolerance for Differences in Satisfied Marriages: A Phenomenological Study 55 60 150386 10.30491/ijbs.2022.324752.1742 EN Reza Khojasteh Mehr Counseling Department, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Kolsoum Kariminejad Counseling Department, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0002-5976-8060 Gholamreza Rajabi Counseling Department, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Dorothy O'Neill Department of Psychology, Adjunct Professor in California State University, Northridge, USA. Journal Article 2022 03 26 Introduction: As people enter a marital relationship, differences inevitably emerge. Tolerance for differences is a phenomenon that many people may experience when they get married. The current study aimed to investigate the lived experience of tolerance for differences in satisfied marriages. Method: The present study was a descriptive phenomenology psychological research. The sample consisted of 11 married people who had experienced tolerance for differences and were selected in a purposeful and snowball manner in 2019-2020. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Data gathering continued until the data saturation stage. Results: According to the results of this study, the experience of tolerance has six constituents, which are: love and respect for spouse and family, consulting in life, division of duties and roles, understanding of differences, patience and forgiveness and support of couples' families. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that differences and disagreements between couples do not necessarily lead to conflict, but rather, these differences are experienced as an acceptance through tolerance.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150386_89730c7d32da25f647426c2edeec9a5e.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Comparison of Facial Expressions and Spontaneous Negative Thoughts in Individuals with and without Social Anxiety Symptoms 61 65 150387 10.30491/ijbs.2022.304852.1643 EN Samaneh Heydarpoor Shandiz Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran Seyedeh-Maryam Moshirian-Farahi Department of Psychology, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-3687-1417 Journal Article 2022 03 28 Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare facial emotional manifestations and negative spontaneous thoughts in people with social anxiety and normal people. Method: This research was descriptive and comparative causal. The statistical population included all people with social anxiety disorder who referred to Mehregan Counseling Center in Mashhad. The normal population included people who did not receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. According to the size of the population and the available sampling method, the sample included 30 individuals with social anxiety disorder and 30 normal individuals who did not receive any symptoms based on the scale of social anxiety disorder and the diagnosis of clinical psychologist. In order to evaluate this research, the questionnaire of negative spontaneous thoughts, social anxiety and the Ekman facial emotion manifestation test were used. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between facial emotion manifestations and negative spontaneous thoughts in both groups. Also, the difference between the means in the component of negative spontaneous thoughts was 31.50 and the difference between the means in the component of facial emotions was 21.73 (p <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be said that people with symptoms of social anxiety have problems with facial expressions and negative spontaneous thoughts.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150387_ec7ebf50539ef5c4396b647d773e2d2a.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Development of Causation Model between Automatic Negative Thoughts and Craving Mediating by Cognitive Emotional Regulation among Methadone Maintained Clients 66 75 150391 10.30491/ijbs.2022.318413.1721 EN Marziyeh Safarzadeh Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Khanjani Department of General and Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Alireza Noroozi Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 01 Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal effects of automatic negative thought on craving mediating by cognitive emotional regulation. Method: This study had a descriptive and correlational design. The study population consisted of methadone maintained clients of the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran City (n=78) and Mehr-Aein clinic in Rey city (n=42) who referred to treatment centers during February to April 2019. Data were collected through convenient sampling using craving questionnaires including Francken’s Obsessive-compulsive Drug Use Scale and Visual Analog Scale. Other study questionnaires were Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and Automatic Negative Thought Scale. For data analysis, we used multivariate linear regression using the structural equation modeling and path analysis using STATA software. Results: Findings revealed that there are significant correlations between automatic negative thoughts, cognitive emotional regulation and craving (P<0.001). Also, the results of hierarchical regression analysis indicate that cognitive emotional regulation can mediate the relationship between automatic negative thoughts and craving (P< 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that clients who have higher levels of automatic negative thoughts and higher negative strategies of cognitive emotional regulation, experience a higher level of craving. Thus, identifying the level of negative thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of methadone-treated clients can predict the severity of craving and their leave or retention of the treatment.

https://www.behavsci.ir/article_150391_484c1fb65fa7e725740f20c975c9b284.pdf

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 16 1 2022 04 01 Comparing the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness Therapy on Wisdom and Social Adjustment among Aggressive Female Teenagers 76 81 150396 10.30491/ijbs.2022.304124.1639 EN Samira Salimynezhad Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran Akbar Rezaei Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Masumeh Azmudeh Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 04 Introduction: Aggressiveness among teenagers is one of the most important problems that the scientists of this millennium face. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness, acceptance and commitment-based therapy on wisdom and social adjustment among aggressive teenagers. Method: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of female high school students in the second year in the academic year of 2019-2020. Three schools were selected by convenience sampling. After initial screening, by using the Arnold H. Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, 45 aggressive students were randomly put into three groups of 15. For all groups before and after intervention, the Kember’s wisdom and Matson’s social skills and Bass and Perry aggression questioners were used. In order to compare two groups in the variables, ANCOVA method was used and covariance was used to evaluate each variable before treatment. Results: The results showed that both treatments have positive effects on wisdom and social adjustment of aggressive teenagers (p<0/05). Significant difference was observed between mindfulness therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy in both of the studied variables. Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment based therapy was more useful than mindfulness on wisdom and social adjustment of aggressive teenagers.