Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2322-1194 19 4 2026 02 01 A Structural Model of the Relationship between Glückschmerz and Personality Traits: The Mediating Role of Virtual Space Use Among Students in Hamedan 222 231 243594 10.30491/ijbs.2026.555421.2280 EN Zohreh Hamian Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sa.c, Iran 0000-0002-2844-3765 Vahid Khalkhakli Department of Psychology, Kar Higher Education Institute, Qazvin, Iran Houshang Jadidi Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sa.c, Iran Journal Article 2025 11 17 <strong>Introduction:</strong> This study aimed to examine a structural model explaining the relationships between personality traits and Glückschmerz, with the mediating role of virtual space use among high school students in Hamedan.<br><strong>Method:</strong> The statistical population consisted of all upper‑secondary students during the 2024-2025 academic year. A total sample of 400 participants was selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Measurement instruments included the NEO Five‑Factor Inventory (NEO‑FFI), the Virtual Space Usage Scale, and the Glückschmerz Scale. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent validity indices. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‑SEM) in SmartPLS 4.<br><strong>Results:</strong> Goodness‑of‑fit statistics indicated an acceptable model fit (GOF = 0.712, Q² = 0.215). Path analyses showed significant direct effects of personality traits on virtual space use (β = 0.47) and Glückschmerz (β = 0.26), as well as a direct effect of virtual space on Glückschmerz (β = 0.52). Mediation tests revealed that virtual space transmitted a significant indirect effect of personality traits on Glückschmerz (β_indirect = 0.244, CI [0.181, 0.312]).<br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> These findings suggest that personality traits substantially shape patterns of digital engagement, which, in turn, may intensify complex social emotions such as Glückschmerz in adolescents. https://www.behavsci.ir/article_243594_08426b9bd3036bd87b9a936aa0d833cf.pdf