Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire in High School Students1467964ENAtefeh JonbeshiDepartment of Psychology and Social Science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran.Khadijeh AbolmaaliAssociate Professor, Group of Psychology, Department of Psychology and social science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran.Journal Article20170427Introduction: Experiential avoidance is a phenomenon that refers to a verbal regulation based on deliberate attempt to avoid or escape from personal experience, such as bodily sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories, behavioral predispositions that disturb perception. The aim of the present study was to consider the confirmatory factor analysis of experiential avoidance questionnaire in high school students in Iran.Methods: The study method was a descriptive and the statistical population included all second-high school students in Damavand city in Iran in 2016. Four hundred and thirty-four participants were randomly selected via multi-stage sampling method and completed 3 questionnaires: experiential avoidance, test anxiety, positive and negative perfectionism.Results: Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that fit indicators such as normed Chi-square (X2/df = 2.542), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA = 0.060), comparative fit index (CFI = 0.923), goodness of fit index (GFI = 0.929) and adjusted fit index (AGFI = 0.897) support the six-factor structure of the experiential avoidance questionnaire. The six factors are behavioral avoidance; incompatibility distress; procrastination; distraction / suppression; denial / repression; and distress tolerance. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for these factors were obtained 0.75, 0.75, 0.54, 0.88, 0.66 and 0.77, respectively. The relationship between test anxiety and negative perfectionism was positive and significant, which is indicative of convergent validity; and the relationship between positive perfectionism with some of components of experiential avoidance were negative and significant, which is indicative of divergent validity.Conclusion: The results showed that this questionnaire have reliability and validity in Iranian students. Thus, psychologists and researchers have been recommended to use this questionnaire for diagnostic assessments, intervening programs, and identification of experiential avoidance dimensions.Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure of Experiences in Close Relationships Scale –Revised for Using in Children and Adolescents (ECR-RC)51067965ENMinoo PooravariPhD Student of Counseling, Department of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, IranAli Fathi AshtianiBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (AS), Tehran, IranJournal Article20170421Introduction: The investigation of attachment processes during middle childhood and early adolescence has been hampered by a relative lack of measures for this age group.The aim of this study was investigating the psychometric properties of Experiences in Close Relationships Revise-Scale for use with children and adolescents (ECR-RC). It is a self-report questionnaire for measuring attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method: Sample size of 430 students was selected by stratified multistage cluster sampling in Tehran. Attachment Security Scale (ASS) was implemented to calculate the divergent validity of ECR-RC. Results: Results of factor analyze indicated that two factor model of ECR-RC fit in Iranian sample in each relational domain (Mother-Father). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of ECR-RC was above 0.80 and the limit was satisfactory. Furthermore the test-retest reliability of ECR-RC over a four week period was more than 0.69. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that ECR-RC has a significant negative relationship with ASS which shows the divergent validity.Conclusion: Factor structure, reliability and validity of the ECR-RC for research applications and clinical diagnostics were within acceptable limits. It’s can be said that ECR-RC is useful and reliable tool for attachment researches in different domain of relationship. Introduction: The investigation of attachment processes during middle childhood and early adolescence has been hampered by a relative lack of measures for this age group.The aim of this study was investigating the psychometric properties of Experiences in Close Relationships Revise-Scale for use with children and adolescents (ECR-RC). It is a self-report questionnaire for measuring attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method: Sample size of 430 students was selected by stratified multistage cluster sampling in Tehran. Attachment Security Scale (ASS) was implemented to calculate the divergent validity of ECR-RC. Results: Results of factor analyze indicated that two factor model of ECR-RC fit in Iranian sample in each relational domain (Mother-Father). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of ECR-RC was above 0.80 and the limit was satisfactory. Furthermore the test-retest reliability of ECR-RC over a four week period was more than 0.69. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that ECR-RC has a significant negative relationship with ASS which shows the divergent validity.Conclusion: Factor structure, reliability and validity of the ECR-RC for research applications and clinical diagnostics were within acceptable limits. It’s can be said that ECR-RC is useful and reliable tool for attachment researches in different domain of relationship. Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Psychological Symptoms for University Students111567966ENNermin GürhanGazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beşevler/Ankara 06500, TürkiyeBurhanettin KayaSpecialty Therapist, TürkiyeAzize Atlı ÖzbaşHacettepe University, Faculty of Nursing, Sıhhıye/Ankara. 06500, TürkiyeAzize Atlı ÖzbaşHacettepe University, Faculty of Nursing, Sıhhıye/Ankara. 06500, TürkiyeAzize Atlı ÖzbaşHacettepe University, Faculty of Nursing, Sıhhıye/Ankara. 06500, TürkiyeEsra KabataşBeykent University Vocational School Medical Services Section, İstanbul 34500, TürkiyeCan SahinGazi University Vocational Education Faculty, Beşevler, Ankara 06500, TürkiyeHacı DoğanGazi University Health Services Vocational School, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06500, TürkiyeJournal Article20170329AbstractIntroduction: This descriptive study aims to determine the effects of self-esteem on psychological symptoms among university students. The research sample consists of 764 university students.Methods: The Student Information Form, Brief Symptom Inventory and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were used for data collection and SPSS.15 was used for/in data analysis.Results: The statistical significance level was accepted as .05. The study results show that the self-esteem score of the students is moderate and the highest BSI score of the sample belongs to the Interpersonal Sensitivity subscale, which is followed by the OCD and Hostility Subscale scores. Girls are found to have higher self-esteem scores than boys and those with good economic status and higher education level are found to have higher self-esteem scores than the others.Conclusion: Our results revealed a negative correlation between self-esteem scores and all BSI subscale scores except for hostility. This indicates a strong correlation between self-esteem and psychological symptoms.Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501Early Maladaptive Schemas and Marital Satisfaction as Predictors of Marital Commitment162267967ENBahareh MohammadiPhD student, Department of Human Sciences, Science and Culture UniversityAliakbar SoleymaniPhD student, Department of Human Sciences, Science and Culture UniversityJournal Article20161022Introduction: The present study was conducted to predict the degree of marital commitment based on early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction.Method: The present descriptive correlational study used convenience sampling to select 454 subjects (including 230 women and 224 men) from the entire population of couples who had been married for one to ten years and were residing in Tehran, Iran. The subjects completed the ENRICH Couple Scales and the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-Sf2) along with the Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (DCI). The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression.Results: The results showed a significant positive relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital commitment. Among the five components of early maladaptive schemas, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits and over-vigilance/inhibition (P<0.01), could predict marital commitment. Moreover, a significant positive relationship was observed between marital commitment and marital satisfaction, and of the components of the latter, conflict resolution and idealistic distortion (P<0.01), could predict marital commitment. Overall, marital commitment could be predicted by components of marital satisfaction (24% of the variance) and also early maladaptive schemas (13% of the variance)Conclusion: Based on the findings, the degree of marital satisfaction and consequently marital commitment are recommended to be enhanced through the identification and modification of early maladaptive schemas along with the use of couple therapy and teaching problem-solving skills to couples so as to prevent potential extramarital relationships or divorce.Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501The Effectiveness of the Adults and Children Together - Parents Raising Safe Kids Program in Reducing Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Preschool Children232967968ENOmid IsanezhadDepartment of Family Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran.Davood ChahardoliFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, IranJournal Article20170314Introduction: The Adults and Children Together - Parents Raising Safe Kids (ACT-PRSK) program is an evidence-based approach that was proposed by the American Psychological Association (APA). The present study was carried out in order to examine the effectiveness of the ACT-PRSK program in reducing behavioral and emotional problems among preschool children.Method: The present experiment was a quasi-experimental study that was conducted using a pretest-posttest-follow up design with a control group. The study sample consisted of 32 parents of preschool children that had symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems. The participants were randomly assigned into an experimental group and a control one (each containing 16 individuals). The experimental group received ACT-PRSK program.Results: The results of mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni test showed that the ACT-PRSK program was significantly effective in reducing behavioral and emotional problems except for psychosomatic problems among the experimental parents’ children. Moreover, the effects of the intervention were stable after 2 months.Conclusion: This educational program focuses on parent-child interaction, enhances the parents’ understanding of their children’s behaviors and emotions, and models appropriate behavioral styles, which leads to a change in the parents’ attitude, and thus, results in a change in the parents’ behavior while interacting with their children. It seems that a change in interaction to a large extent leads to a change in the children’s behavior.Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Continuous Positive Air Pressure Adherence for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Follow-up Study303767969ENMaryam TalebiPhD student of psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranKazem Rasoolzadeh TabatabayeiAssociated professor, Tarbiyat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170613AbstractIntroduction: Sleep apnea disorder brings about negative effects to the quality of life of the people involved. Debilitation of cognitive functioning is one of the consequences of this condition. However, scant researches have been carried out to explore the efficacy of cognitive therapy in mitigating the clinical symptoms and cognitive functions of the brain. By combining the cognitive method and medical treatment, this research aims at comparing the effectiveness of Continuous Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment (CBT) in improving mental cognitive functions among patients with sleep apnea disorder.Methods: The study population included all patients who referred to the sleep disorders clinic in Tehran. Our sample consisted of 45 subjects who were randomly allocated into three groups of 15 individuals (CPAP, combined treatment, and control). All three groups were psychologically assessed prior to the intervention. Next, individuals in the cognitive-behavioral group underwent CPAP and 12 sessions of cognitive training, progressive muscle relaxation, mental visualization, and sleep hygiene. The other group went through CPAP therapy and the third group was also assessed. After the intervention, all groups were again psychologically assessed. Data collection instruments included Wisconsin Cognitive Software, semantic and complex Stroop, continuous performance, and polysomnography and CPAP devices.Results: The results indicated that both types of intervention can enhance cognitive functioning. However, a greater efficacy is obtained by combining the two methods compared with the exclusive application of medical treatment.Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Behavioral Sciences2322-119411120170501Sense of humor and resiliency: Explanatory components of psychological well-being384367970ENTahereh Elahi. Ph.D. Department of Psychology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranZahra Madah KaraniMSc. Department of Psychology, University of ZanjanAli Fathi AshtianiPh.D. Department of Psychology, Medical Sciences University of BagiyatallahJavad SalehiPh.D. Department of Psychology, University of ZanjanJournal Article20170703Introduction:The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sense of humor, resiliency and psychological well-being and possibility of explanation of psychological well-being in native and non-native students based on sense of humor and resiliency constructs.Method: The sample consisted of 332 native and non-native students of University of Zanjan (191 females and 141 males) who were selected randomly. They completed the Sense of Humor (SHQ), Conner–Davidson Resiliency (CO-RISC) and Psychological Well-being (RSPWB) questionnaires.Results: Data analysis using stepwise regression indicated that resiliency in the first step (R2=%16) and resiliency along with sense of humor in the next step (R2=%16) predicted psychological well-being of first year students. The additional findings indicated that all subscales of humor were positively correlated with psychological well-being, and also subscale of humor in stressful situations showed the highest correlation with psychological well-being. There was no difference in association patterns between native and non-native students.Conclusion: Given that sense of humor and resiliency variables are significant predictors of psychological well-being in students, by creating and empowering these capacities, we can promote their mental health.