ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Patience and its Components in Predicting Bullying among Primary School Students
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of patience and its components (Transcendence, Tolerance, Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation) in predicting bullying among primary school children in Shiraz, Iran. Another purpose was to compare patience and bullying between male and female students.Method: The participants were 317 elementary school students (169 females and 148 males) selected through cluster random sampling. The sample group completed the Child/Adolescence Patience Scale and Revised Olweus Bullying/Victim Questionnaire.Results: The results showed that the total score of patience and its components including Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation had a significant negative correlation with bullying (P <0.01). The total score of patience negatively and significantly predicted bullying (P <0.01; β = -0.31). Hesitation (P <0.01; β = -0.18) and Contentment (P <0.01; β = -0.21) could also negatively and significantly predict bullying. In addition, there was a significant difference in the total score of patience between males and females (P <0.001, t = 5.12) with females obtaining a higher mean on this variable. Also, there was a significant difference between male and female students in Contentment (P <0.01, t =2.79), Persistence (P <0.001, t =5.45), and Hesitation (P <0.001, t =4.56) with females obtaining a higher mean on these variables.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that counselors or psychologists dealing with students try to treat and prevent the phenomenon of bullying among students by using educational strategies of patience.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67925_278f6ac45834240fedec39ece888736f.pdf
2016-01-01
215
219
Transcendence
tolerance
Contentment
Persistence
Hesitation
Farhad
Khormaei
khormaei@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azam
Farmani
2
Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mount GR. Bullying: Characteristics, Consequences and Interventions. J Police Crisis Negotiations. 2005;5(2):125-9.
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4
Gini G, Pozzoli T. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):1059-65.
5
Khormaei F, Farmani A. Investigating the role of the Big Five personality factors in predicting patience and its components among university students. J Clin Psychol Pers. 2015;2(11):11-24. [Persian]
6
Khormaei F, Farmani A, Soltani E. The Patience Scale: Instrument development and estimates of psychometric properties. Educ Meas. 2014;5(17):50- 67.[Persian]
7
ShokoofehFard S, Khormaie F. An inquiry into the predictive role of components of patience in students' aggressive behavior. Psychol Religion. 2012;5(2):99- 112. [Persian]
8
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9
Sadat-Husseini-Sultan-Nasir M, Alizadeh-Assar A, Rahmati A. Educating the spritual skills of patience and prayer in reducing depressive symptoms among university students. University students' mental health conference; Isfahan, Iran 2014 . [Persian]
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Hossein- Sabet F. Effectiveness of patience training in anxiety, depression and happiness. Stud Islamic Psycholol. 2008;1(2):79- 92. [Persian]
11
Schnitker SA. An examination of patience and well-being [Dissertation]. Davis, CA. University of California. 2010.
12
Khormaei F, Farmani A. Patience and the role of its components in predicting hopelessness among university students. University students' mental health conference; Isfahan, Iran. 2014. [Persian]
13
Khormaei F, Farmani A, Soltani E. Investigating the prediction role of patience as a moral construct and personality characteristics in the hopelessness of university students. J Med Ethics. 2014;7(28):167-99. [Persian]
14
Ghobari-Bonab B, Khodayari-Fard M. The relationships of trust in God, anxiety, patience and hope in distressed situations. First International Conference of Religion and Mental Health; Tehran: Iran: University of Medical Sciences. 2000. [Persian]
15
Farmani A, Khormaei F, Dokoohaki N. Investigating the role of patience and its components in predicting the marital satisfaction of the elementary school studentsâ parents in Shiraz. Sixth National Congress of Family Pathology; Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University ; 2014.[Persian]
16
Farmani A, Khormaei F, Baneshi F. Investigating the role of patience components in predicting mental health among university students. National Conference of Quran, Health and Life Style; Fasa: Iran: Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2015. [Persian]
17
Keyhanfar R. Study of relationship between patience and stress in students of Shiraz University [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2010. [Persian]
18
Haghjoo S. Prediction of suicidal ideation based on components of patience and emotion regulation [Dissetattion]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2013. [Persian]
19
Olweus D. The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire for Student. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen. 1996.
20
Kyriakides L, Kaloyirou C, Lindsay G. An analysis of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model. Brit J Educ Psychol. 2006;76(4):781-801.
21
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22
Chui WH, Chan HCO. Association between self-control and school bullying behaviors among Macanese adolescents. Child Abuse Neglect. 2013;37(4):237-42.
23
Farrington D, Baldry A. Individual risk factors for school bullying. J Aggression, Conflict Peace Res. 2010;2(1):4-16.
24
Duckworth AL, Seligman ME. Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. J Educ Psychol. 2006;98(1):198.
25
Iossi Silva MA, Pereira B, Mendonça D, Nunes B, Oliveira WAd. The involvement of girls and boys with bullying: an analysis of gender differences. Int J Environment Res Public Health. 2013;10(12):6820-31.
26
Griezel L, Finger LR, Bodkin-Andrews GH, Craven RG, Yeung AS. Uncovering the structure of and gender and developmental differences in cyber bullying. J Educa Res. 2012;105(6):442-55.
27
Cheraghi A, Piskin M. A comparison of peer bullying among high school students in Iran and Turkey. Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2011;15:2510-20.
28
Baldry AC, Farrington DP. Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. J Commun Appl Soc Psychol. 2000;10(1):17-31.
29
Espelage DL, Mebane SE, Swearer SM. Gender differences in bullying: Moving beyond mean level differences. Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. 2004:15-35.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of behavior parent training to mothers of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of training behavior modification methods to mothers of children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) on reducing behavior problems and ADHD symptoms in their children’s.Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and cotrol group. To do so, 24 mothers of children with ADHD were selected and divided into experimental and control groups (12 mothers in each group). Participants filled the Revised Conners’ Parent Rating scale (CPRS-R) and Children’s Behavioral Performance at Home questionnaires. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed behavior modification methods in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis and t test was used for analyzing data. Result: Results from t-test showed behavior modification improved children’s behavioral problems. At the same time, Analysis of Covariance showed the training had decreased hyperactivity symptoms and ADHD index among children of the experimental group, as compared to those of the control group; however, the training was shown to have no effect on attention deficit.Conclusion: In conclusion, findings of this study suggest behavior modification training to mothers can help them decline their children’s behavioral problems.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67926_181b72945d1723d8164ff01e7296b86c.pdf
2016-01-01
220
226
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Behavior Parent Training
Behavioral problems
Mohsen
Amiri
amiri_tmu@yahoo.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Behpajooh
kordestanid@yahoo.com
2
Department of Exceptional child Psychology, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
American, Psychiatric, Association. Diagnostic and statiscal manual of mental disorder: DSM-5. â 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association2013.
1
Bussing R, Zima B, Mason D, Meyer J. ADHD Knowledge, Perceptions, and Information Sources: Perspectives From a Community Sample of Adolescents and Their Parents. J Adolesc Health. 2012;8:222-30.
2
Willcutt E. The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neurother. 2012;9:490â9.
3
Barkley R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder- A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rdEds.), editor. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
4
Johnston C. Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:215-28.
5
Whalen C, Henker B, Jamner L, Ishikawa S, Floro J, Swindle R. Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: Maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006;34:115-30.
6
Essau C. Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. New york: Routledge Taylor and francis group. 2006.
7
Fabiano G, Pelham W, Coles E, Gnagy E, Chornis-Tuscano A, OConnor B. A meta-analysis of behavior treatment for attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;52:1-12.
8
Johnston C, Jassy J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional/conduct problem: Link to parent âchild interaction. J Canadian Academ Child and Adolesc Psychiatr. 2007;16:74-9.
9
Rogers M, Wiener J, Marton I, Tannock R. Parental involvement in children's learning: Comparing parents of children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J School Psychol. 2009;47:167-85.
10
Huang H, Chao C, Tu C, Yang P. Behavior Parent training for Taiwanese parent of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2003;57:275-81.
11
Fabino G, Chacko A, Pelham J, Robb J, Walker K, Arnold F, et al. A comparision of behavior parent training programs for fathers of children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder J Behav Ther. 2008;3:29-48.
12
Nixon R. Treatment of behavior problems in preschoolers: Areview of parent training program. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:525-46.
13
Schroeder C, Gordon B. Assessment and Treatment of Childhood Problems: A Clinician's Guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.
14
Barkley R. Taking Charge of ADHD:The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents(rev.ed.). New York: Guilford Press; 2000.
15
Hauth-Charlier S, Clement C. Behavioral Parent Training Programs for Parents of Children with ADHD: Practical Consideration and cilinical impilication. Pract Psychol. 2009;15:223-34.
16
Kutcher S, Aman M, Brooks S, Buitelaar J, dalen EV. International consensus on attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorder (DBDs): Clinical impilication and treatment practice suggestion. Eur Neuropsychophamacol. 2004;14:11-28.
17
Carr A. The Handbook Of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology a Contextual Approach (2nd Ed). New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis group2006.
18
Anastopoulos A, Shaffer S. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Inc. Eugend walker and Michael, C. Roberts (2001). Handbook of Clinical child Psychiatry. Canada: John Wiley and sons. 2001.
19
Gerdes A, HaackL M, Schneider B. Parental Functioning in Families of Children With ADHD: Evidence for Behavioral Parent Training and Importance of Clinically Meaningful Change. J Attention Disord. 2010;16(2):147-56.
20
Greenhill L, Osman B. Ritalin: Theory and practice. USA: Mary Ann Libert.2000.
21
Semple D, Mash E, Ninowski J, Benzies K. The relation between maternal symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mother-infant interaction. J Child Fam Stud. 2011;20:460-72.
22
Weinberg A. Parent training for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Parent and child outcome. J Clin Psychol. 1999;55(2):907-13.
23
Matos M, Bauermeister J, Bernal G. Parent-child interaction therapy for puerto rican preschool children with ADHD and behavior problems: A pilot efficacy study. Fam Process. 2009;48:233-52.
24
Gall J, Gall M, Borg W. Educational Research: An Introduction (8th Edition) New York. 2010.
25
Conners C, Parker J, Sitarenios A, Epstein J. The Revised Connersâ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R):Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998;26:257-68.
26
Goldstein S, Goldstein M. Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A guide for Practioner (2nd ed). New York: Wiley1998.
27
Bjork M, Sand T, Brathen G. Quantitative EEG finding in patients with acute, brief depression psychiatric symptoms: A controlled study from an acute psychiatric department. BMC Psychiatr. 2008;8:22-231.
28
Chabot R, Dimichelr F, Prichep L. The Clinical Role of Computerized EEG In Evaluation And Treatment of Learning And Attention Disorders In Children And Adolescents. J Clin Neuropsychiatr. 2001;13:171-86.
29
Murray D, Bussing R, Fernandez M, W Hou, CW Garvan, Swanson J, Eyberg S. Psychometric properties of teacher SKAMP ratings from a community sample. Asses. 2009;16:193-208.
30
Barkley R. Defiant Children: A Clinicianâs Manual for Assessment and Parent training, 2nd edn. Guilford, New York1997.
31
Danforth J, Harvey E, Ulaszek W, Mckee T. The outcome of group parent training for families of children with attention deficit hyper activity disorder and defiant aggression behavior. J Behav Ther Experiment Psychiatr. 2006;37:188-205.
32
LaForett D, Murray D, Kollins S. Psychosocial treatments for preschool-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14:300-10.
33
Durston S, Konard K. Integrating genetic, psychopharmacological and neuroimaging studies: a converging methods approach to understanding the neurobiology of ADHD. Dev Rev. 2007;27:374-95.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The role of metacognitive beliefs in depression: Mediating role of rumination
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs in depression by the mediating role of rumination.Method: The present study was conducted with a correlational method. Therefore, 275 students of the University of Tabriz were selected using a stratified sampling method. Beck’s depression inventory, Wells’ metacognitive questionnaire and Treynor’s rumination questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by path analysis using the LISREL Software.Results: The results of the present study indicated that there was a positive relationship between positive and negative beliefs of worry and rumination schemas. Besides, there was a positive relationship between these beliefs and depression. Regarding to the fitness Indexes, the mediating role of rumination in the relation between positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and depression was confirmed.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be proposed that depression could be influenced by dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs (positive and negative beliefs about worry) through different paths. Such effects are intensified by dysfunctional schemas such as rumination. Hence, positive metacognitive beliefs are considered as a trigger for the application of rumination as an incompatible coping style for depression.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67927_6bff52b0cbbd9106dbb637925433ea53.pdf
2016-01-01
227
232
Metacognitive Beliefs
Rumination
depression
Arezoo
Lashkary
arezoo.lashkary@gmail.com
1
Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Tabriz University,
Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rogayeh
Karimi-Shahabi
2
Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Tabriz University,
Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Touraj
Hashemi
tourajhashemi@yahoo.com
3
Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Tabriz University,
Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5 TH). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
1
Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
2
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-105.
3
Fried EI, Nesse RM. The impact of individual depressive symptoms on impairment of psychosocial functioning. PLOS One. 2014;9(2):e90311.
4
Reyes-Rodriguez ML, Rivera-Medina CL, Camara-Fuentes L, Suarez-Torres A, Bernal G. Depression symptoms and stressful life events among college students in Puerto Rico. J Affect Disord. 2013;154(3):324-30.
5
Wells A. Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy. New Jersey: Wiley; 2000.
6
Wells A. Metacognitive Therapy for Anxietyand Depression. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
7
Wells A, Matthews G. Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove: UK, Erlbaum; 1994.
8
Shull AM. Rumination mediates the impact of personality on the development of depression during the transition to college. Michigan: University of Michigan; 2014,Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on psychological science. Psychol Sci. 2008;3(5):400-24.
9
Joormann J. Differential effect of rumination and dysphoria on the inhibition of irrelevant emotional material: Evidence from a negative priming task. Cognit Ther Res. 2006;30:149- 60.
10
Bagby RM, Rector NA, Bacchiochi JR, McBride C. The stability of the response styles questionnaire rumination scale in a sample of patients with major depression Cogn Ther Res. 2004;28(4):527-38.
11
Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569-82.
12
Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J, Fredrickson BL. Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. J Abnorm Psychol. 1993;102(1):20-8.
13
Lyobomirsky S, Tkach S. the consequences of dysphoric rumniation. In :Papageorgiou C, Wells A. Depressive rumniation, nature, theory, and treatment. Chichester: Willy; 2004.
14
McLaughlin KA, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety. Behaviour research and therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(3):186-93,Fresco DM, Frankel AN, Mennin DS, Turk CL, Heimberg RG. Distinctand overlapping features of rumination and worry: the relationship of cognitiveproductiontonegative affective states. . Cogn Ther Res. 2002;26:179-788.
15
Surrence K, Miranda R, Marroquin BM, Chan S. Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters: cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(9):803-8.
16
Joormann J, Dkane M, Gotlib IH. Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases. Behav Ther. 2006;37(3):269-80.
17
Treynor W, Gonzalez R, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognit Ther Res. 2003;27:247-59.
18
Burwell RA, Shirk SR. Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. J Clin Child Adoles Psychol. 2007;36(1):56-65.
19
Lo CS, Ho SM, Hollon SD. The effects of rumination and negative cognitive styles on depression: A mediation analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(4):487-95.
20
Just N, Alloy LB. The response styles theory of depression: tests and an extension of the theory. J Abnorm psychol. 1997;106(2):221-9.
21
Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(4):385-96.
22
Shirinzadeh Dastgiri S, Goodarzi MA, Rahimi C, Naziri G. Study of factor atructure, validity and reliablity of metacognition questionnaire-30. J Psychol. 2009;12:445-61.
23
Osman A, Barrios FX, P.M. G, Williams JE, Bailey J. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in nonclinical adolescent samples. J Clin Psychol. 2008;64(1):83-102.
24
Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition. Dep Anx. 2005;21(4):185-92.
25
Papageorgio C, Wells A. depressive rumination: nature, theory, and treatment. Chichester, UK: Willy; 2004.
26
Feili AR, Borjali A, Sohrabi F, Farrokhi N. The Comparitive efficacy of Cognitive â Behavior Therapy and Teasdale Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy of Infertile Depressed Womenâs Rumination. Armaghane-danesh, YUMSJ. 2012;17(1):14-21. [Persian]
27
Papageorgiou C, Wells A. metaconitive beliefs about rumianation in recuurent major depression. Cogn Behav Pract. 2001;8:160-4.
28
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29
Segerstrom SC, Tsao J, Alden LE, Craske ME. worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cogn Ther Res. 2000;24:671-88.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The relationship between personality factors, self-control and marital coping strategies with marital conflict
Introduction: Conflict is inevitable in intimate relationship in the form of disagreements, dislikes, arguments and tensions. It may result in the renovation if handled properly or deterioration of relationship if managed poorly. The aim of this descriptive- correlation study was to investigate the effects of marital coping strategies, personality and self-control on the marital conflict in a propositional structural model. Methods: The research population consisted of all the parents of elementary school children in Kurdistan in 2014. The two-stage cluster sampling was used. The research instruments were the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, short form), Self- control questionnaire & Marital Coping Inventory (MCI). Required data was collected through research instruments. Correlation analysis, multiple regression and structural equation model was done using AMOS22. Results: The results showed that self- control, personality and marital coping strategies had effects on marital conflict and can predict it. Marital coping strategies have the strongest effect on marital conflict among these variables (-0.74). Conceptual model showed that personality factor had strong effects on marital coping strategies (-0.43) & self- control (-.89).Conclusions: Besides specifying the relationship among research variables, the results indicated that personality factor can affect marital conflict through self – control & marital coping strategies. Considering that personality traits are resistant to change and modification, it seems that family therapists can moderate the effects of personality & reduce marital conflict by intervening on self – control & marital coping strategies.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67928_9a8be282fbbe01ead93eaf75459dd785.pdf
2016-01-01
233
239
personality
self-control
Marital Coping Strategies
Marital conflict
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Omid
Isanejad
farhangmad@gmail.com
1
Department of Counseling, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Amani
ahmad_consellor@yahoo.com
2
Department of Counseling, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran
AUTHOR
Arman
Azizi
armanazizi2020@gmail.com
3
Department of Counseling, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shirin
Azimifar
shirin.azimifar@gmail.com
4
Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Dildar S, Sitwat A, Yasin S. Intimate Enemies: Marital Conflicts and Conflict Resolution Styles in Dissatisfied Married Couples. Middle-East J Sci Res. 2013;15(10):1433-9.
1
Faulkner RA. Gender-related influences on marital satisfaction and marital conflict over time for husbands and wives: University of Georgia; 2002.
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Butt MS, Jamal H. Determinants of marital fertility in Pakistan: an application of the "synthesis framework". Pakistan Dev Rev. 1993;32(2):199-220.
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Lim BKH. Conflict resolution styles, somatization, and marital satisfaction in Chinese couples: The moderating effect of forgiveness and willingness to seek professional help: Texas Tech University; 2000.
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Kurdek LA. The nature and predictors of the trajectory of change in marital quality for husbands and wives over the first 10 years of marriage. Dev Psychol. 1999;35(5):1283-96.
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Horrocks AM. Financial Management Practices and Conflict Management Styles of Couples in Great Marriages: Utah State University; 2010.
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Gottman JM, Levenson RW. Rebound from marital conflict and divorce prediction. Fam Process. 1999;38(3):287-92.
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Gottman JM, Levenson RW, Swanson C, Swanson K, Tyson R, Yoshimoto D. Observing gay, lesbian and heterosexual couples' relationships: Mathematical modeling of conflict interaction. J Homosexual. 2003;45(1):65-91.
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Isanejad O, Ahmadi A, Etemadi O, Qaderpour R. The Study of the effectiveness of relationship enhancement on marital coping strategies of couples in Isfahan. J Res Behav Sci. 2011;9(1):1-12. [Persian]
9
Herzberg PY. Coping in relationships: The interplay between individual and dyadic coping and their effects on relationship satisfaction. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2013;26(2):136-53.
10
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Whisman MA. Marital distress and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in a population-based national survey. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116(3):638-43.
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Jalili F, Bakhshaiesh AR, Farsinejad M. Study the relation between personality traits and spouse violence. 5th congress of Islamic counseling; Qom, Iran. Iran: Institution of Islamic Counseling; 1999. p. 231-7.
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Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High selfâcontrol predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271-324.
25
Isanejad O. Comparing the effectiveness of relationship enhancement (RE) and cognitive behavioral couples therapy (CBCT) on marital quality, marital coping strategies and stress in breast cancer survivorships[Dissertation]. Iran: University of Isfahan; 2013. [Persian]
26
Van der Linden D, Te Nijenhuis J, Bakker AB. The general factor of personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study. J Res Person. 2010;44(3):315-27.
27
Rushton JP, Bons TA, Hur Y-M. The genetics and evolution of the general factor of personality. J Res Pers. 2008;42(5):1173-85.
28
Kaushal R, Kwantes CT. The role of culture and personality in choice of conflict management strategy. Int J Intercultural Relations. 2006;30(5):579-603.
29
Shahmoradi S. Predicting marital conflict based on personality traits and demographic characters of couples[Dissertation]. Iran: University of Isfahan; 2011. Persian
30
Kurdek LA. Change in relationship quality for partners from lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual couples. J Fam Psychol. 2008;22(5):701-11.
31
Bodenmann G, Pihet S, Kayser K. The relationship between dyadic coping and marital quality: a 2-year longitudinal study. J Fam Psychol. 2006;20(3):485-93.
32
Murray SL, Rose P, Bellavia GM, Holmes JG, Kusche AG. When rejection stings: how self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(3):556.
33
Bodenmann G. Dyadic Coping and Its Significance for Marital Functioning. In: Revenson TA, Kayser, K. E., and Bodenmann, G. E, editor. Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping: American Psychological Association; 2005.
34
Farzin-Rad B, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Yekke-Yazdandoost R, Habibi-Asgarabad M. Comparison of copying strategies and personality styles in depressed and non-depressed students. J Behav Sci. 2010;4(1):5-6. [Persian]
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hardiness, defense Mechanisms, negative self-portrayal scale in applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery
Background: Today the psychological factor is one of the controversial subjects in tendency to cosmetic surgery.Objectives: This study aimed to compare the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal scale among cosmetic surgery applicants with non-applicants.Patients and Methods: This causal-comparative study carried out in Tehran, Iran from April to June 2015. The samples of this study included 60 applicants and non- applicants of cosmetic surgery referred to private clinic for cosmetic surgery in regions one and two in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling. The study tools included defense mechanisms questionnaires and psychological hardiness questionnaires, negative self-portrayal scale questionnaire and a questionnaire of demographic. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance and multivariate tests.Results: Results of the multivariate analysis of variance test indicated a significant difference between the applicant and the non-applicant of cosmetic surgery in hardiness aspects (control and commitment), defensive styles (matured, immature and neurotic), and negative self-portrayal scale (anxiety signs and physical appearance).Conclusions: Due to differences between the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal scale among applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery, it is important to pay much attention to psychological structures before doing cosmetic surgery.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67929_f76458d78f3d1cfc55b3f804cbb28dc5.pdf
2016-01-01
240
245
hardiness
Defense Mechanisms
Negative Self Image
cosmetic surgery
Khatereh
Hosseini
khatereh_hosseini@yahoo.com
1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahnaz
Shahgholian
mshahgholian@gmail.com
2
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad-Hossein
Abdollahi
abdollahimh@yahoo.fr
3
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Persichetti P, Simone P, Tambone V. About beauty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:270-1.
1
Fusaschi M. Corporalmente corretto: note di antropologia. Roma: Meltemi; 2008.
2
Barone M, Cogliandro A, La-Monaca G, Tambone V, Persichetti P. Cognitive investigation study of patients admitted for cosmetic surgery: information, expectations, and consent for treatment. Arch Plast Surg 2015;42(1):46-51.
3
Slevec J, Tiggemann M. Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women: body image, aging anxiety, and the media. Psychol Women. 2010;34(1):65-74.
4
Markey CN, Markey PM. Correlates of young womenâs interest in obtaining cosmetic surgery. Sex Roles. 2009;61:158-66.
5
Frederick DA, Lever J, Peplau LA. Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: views of men and women across the lifespan. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(5):1407-15.
6
Mulkens S, Jansen A. Mirror gazing increases attractiveness in satisfied, but not in dissatisfied women: A model for body dysmorphic disorder? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat. 2009;40:211-8.
7
Ashikali EM, Dittmar H, Ayers S. The effect of cosmetic surgery reality TV shows on adolescent girlsâ body image. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2014;3(3):151-41.
8
Zamani SN, Fazilatpour M. The effects of cosmetic surgery on patients self-esteem and negative image of themselves. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2013;20(5):84-91. Persian.
9
Von-Soest T, Kvalem IL, Roald HE, Skolleborg KC. The effects of cosmetic surgery on body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems. J Plast, Reconstr Aesth Surg. 2009;62(10):1238-44.
10
Feist J, Feist GJ. Theories of personality. Mc Graw Hill, NY;2006.
11
Kiff J. Defense mechanism. J Psychother. 2010;63:87-99.
12
Mohmadpanah A, Yakubi H, Yousefi R. Prediction factors of cosmetic surgery. J Ment Health. 2013;15(4):245-54. [Persian]
13
Vargel S, Ulusahin A. Psychopathology and body image in cosmetic surgery patients. Aesth Plast Surg. 2001;25(6):474-8.
14
Bartone PT, Roland RR, Picano JJ, Williams TJ. Psychological hardiness predicts success in US army special forces candidates. Int J Select Assess. 2008;16(1):78-81.
15
Kobasa SC. Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979;37(1):1-11.
16
Maddi SR. Issues and intervention in stress mastery, Personality & Disease. New York: Wiley; 1990.
17
Lorenzo-Hernandez J, Ouellette SC. Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and values in Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1998;28:2007-24.
18
Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM, Harvey RH, Lu L, Persico M. The personality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with measures of psychopathology and personality. J Res Pers. 2002;36:72-85.
19
Ghodrati M, Gobari B. Stress syndrome, stressful factors and coping strategies in parents of deaf students. Res Excep Child. 2010:163-73. [Persian]
20
Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(4):246-56.
21
Besharat MA. The Relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and defense mechanisms. Psychol Res. 2005;15:7-22. [Persian]
22
Atrifard M, Rasool-zadeh Tabatabaei K, Shaeiri MR, Azad Falah P, Janbozorgi M, Asghari- Moghadam, MA, Esmaeili Almueti S, Ghanbari Z. NSPS Factor structure and psychometric properties. J Shahed Univ. 2013;20(8):123-42. [Persian]
23
Moscovitch DA, Huyder V. The Negative Self-Portrayal Scale: development validation, and application to social anxiety. Behav Ther. 2011;42(2):183-96.
24
Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. 3, editor. New York Mc Graw-Hill; 1994.
25
Albehbahani, M. Predicting life satisfaction by psychological hardiness and responsibility among students. Reef Resour Assess Manag Tech Pap. 2014;40(1):496-89.
26
Farashbandi F, Shehni Y, Nissi, AK. Investigate the relationship simple and multiple variables self-esteem and, general anxiety, social anxiety and perceived social support and hardiness psychology the first grade of high school girl's city of Abadan. J Edu Psychol Shahid Chamran Univ. 2003;3(3):1-24. [Persian]
27
Ghorbani, N. Hardiness, character structure. Psychol Res. 1995;6:76-92. [Persian]
28
McGrath R, Wiggin J, Caron R. The relationship between resilience and body image in college women. Internet J Health. 2009;10(2):2-14.
29
Hosseini F. Compare personality traits, psychological and physical image of women volunteers and non-volunteers cosmetic surgery and women who have undergone cosmetic surgery. Payam Nor University of Tehran; 2009. [Persin]
30
Ouellette SC. Inquires in to hardiness. Handbook of stress. New York: Free press; 1992.
31
Cramer P, Jones CJ. Defense mechanisms predict deferential lifespan change in self-control and self- acceptance. J Res Pers. 2007;41:841-55.
32
Azadfallah P, Atri A, Pouraghajan S. Assesment of Ego Development and Tendency to the Cosmetic Surgery. J Behav Sci. 2008;2(1):50-43. Persin.
33
Zare M, Dehgani E. Comparing emotional intelligence, NSPS and quality of life in rhinoplasty patients and the control group. J Molecular Med. 2014;19:84-92.
34
Zeigami S, Fatemeh M. The correlation between body mass index, NSPS and depression in women referring to Hazrat Ali hospital in Karaj. Modern Care J.1(19):41-8.
35
Khanjani Z, Babapoor J, Gorizeh S. Investigating mental status and body image in cosmetic surgery applicants in comparison with non-applicants. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2012;20(2):237-48. [Persian]
36
Dishman K, Hales P, Pfeiffer A, Felton S, Ward S, Dowda-Pate R. Physical self-concept and self-steem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health psychol. 2006;25(3):396-407.
37
Masheb RM, Girlo CM, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS. Evaluating oneself by shape and weight is not the same as Being dissatisfied about shape and weight. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(8):716-20.
38
Ivarsson T, Svalander P, Litlere O, Nevonen L. Weight concerns, body-image, depression and anxiety in Swedish adolescents. Eat Behav. 2006;7(2):161-75.
39
Crerand CE, Franklin ME, Sarwer DB. Body dimorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(7):167-80.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effectiveness of psychodrama on reducing depression among multiple sclerosis patients
AbstractIntroduction: Psychodrama, as a form of art therapy, helps people to enact and use role-plays for a specific problem, rather than just talking about it, in an effort to review the problem, gain feedback from group members, find appropriate solutions, and practice them for their life. The current paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy on the reduction of depression for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Method: This is a quasi-experimental research study, using pre-post and follow-up testing plan with control group. Using a convenience sampling technique, a total of 20 individuals are selected among clients with multiple sclerosis referring to Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society. The subjects are randomly placed into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participates in a twelve-session therapy plan for 6 weeks, while the control group receives no intervention. In order to collect data, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the demographical information questionnaire are used. Data analysis is performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: The results show a decrease in the post test and follow-up test scores for depression, and such decrease is statistically significant.Conclusion: The findings indicate the effectiveness of the psychodrama intervention to decrease depression among patients with MS. Hence, it will be helpful to take great concern over psychological treatments for these cases.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67930_393a256f3a18ffefa211b1f7a040e129.pdf
2016-01-01
246
249
Psychodrama
depression
Multiple Sclerosis
Saeed
Dehnavi
saeed.dehnavi@ymail.com
1
Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University- Qazvin branch, Qazvin, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed-Farnaz
Hashemi
2
Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University- Qazvin branch, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Zadeh-Mohammadi
3
Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Drew M, Tippett LJ, Starkey NJ, Isler RB. Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a large community-based sample with Multiple Sclerosis from New Zealand: a descriptive study. Archives Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;23(1):1-19.
1
Dennison L, Moss-Morris R, Silber E, Galea I, Chalder T. Cognitive and behavioural correlates of different domains of psychological adjustment in early-stage multiple sclerosis. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(4):353-61.
2
Frischer JM, Weigand SD, Guo Y, Kale N, Parisi JE, Pirko I, et al. Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque. Annals Neurol. 2015;78(5):710-21.
3
Jandaghi F, Neshat-Doost H-T, Kalantari M, Jabal-Ameli S. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management group training on anxiety and depression of addicts under methadone maintenance therapy (mmt). J Clin Psycol. 2013;4(4):41-50. Persian.
4
Bruce JM, Lynch SG. Personality traits in multiple sclerosis: association with mood and anxiety disorders. J Psychosom Res. 2011;70(5):479-85.
5
Voss WD, Arnett PA, Higginson CI, Randolph JJ, Campos MD, Dyck DG. Contributing factors to depressed mood in multiple sclerosis. Archives Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;17(2):103-15.
6
Feinstein A. Mood disorders in multiple sclerosis and the effects on cognition. J Neurolgol Sci. 2006;245(1):63-6.
7
Diamond BJ, Johnson SK, Kaufman M, Graves L. Relationships between information processing, depression, fatigue and cognition in multiple sclerosis. Archives Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;23(2):189-99.
8
Lebrun C, Cohen M. Depression et sclerose en Plaques. Revue Neurologique. 2009;165:S156-S62.
9
Somov PG. A psychodrama group for substance use relapse prevention training. Arts Psychother. 2008;35(2):151-61.
10
Gatta M, Andrea S, Paolo TC, Giovanni C, Rosaria S, Carolina B, et al. Analytical psychodrama with adolescents suffering from psycho-behavioral disorder: Short-term effects on psychiatric symptoms. Arts Psychother. 2010;37(3):240-7.
11
Blatner A. Morenean approaches: Recognizing psychodrama's many facets. J Group Psychother Psychodram Sociomet. 2007;59(4):159-70.
12
Snow S, DâAmico M, Tanguay D. Therapeutic theatre and well-being. Arts Psychother. 2003;30(2):73-82.
13
Rosenhan DL, Seligman ME. Abnormal psychology: WW Norton & Co; 1995.
14
Molavi P. ea. Psychodrama effect on social skills and self-esteem of schizophrenic patient. J Rehabil. 2009;10(2):68-73.
15
Kooraki M. Effectiveness of Psychodrama in Improving Social Skills and Reducing Internet Addiction in Female Students[Disserttaion]. Isfahan: Isfahan University; 2010.
16
Gorji Z. The Impact of Psychodrama on Self-esteem of Young Adults with Divorced Parents[Dissertation]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University; 2010.
17
Shojaat S. Surveying the effect of Psychodrama on the increase of Social Skills and the reduction of Aggression in Pre-school Students of Isfahan[Dissertation]. Isfahan: Payam-e Noor Univeristy of Isfahan; 2010.
18
Rajabi GR. Psychometric Properties of Beck Depression Inventory. Short Form Items (BDI-13). . No. 20. 4. . Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists. 2007;20(4).
19
Lindkvist M. The sesame research at good mayes with long stay schizophrenic patients. Retrieved September 28, 2015 from: http://wwwBadthorguk/Research/. 1977.
20
Hamamci Z. Integrating psychodrama and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat moderate depression. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2006;33(3):199-207.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Leadership effectiveness, perceived organizational support and work ability: Mediating role of job satisfaction
Present study tested a model consisting work ability as dependent variable and leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support as independent variable, with job satisfaction as its mediator. Data were gathered from a sample of 330 employees of an industrial organization in Iran, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Of this sample, 72 percent were men and average age was 41 years. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-16 and AMOS-16 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using the bootstrap procedure in Preacher and Hayes (2008) SPSS Macro program for mediation. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data. Better fit and more meaningful results obtained by adding 1 paths and using AMOS modification indices. The results supported components of the proposed model, in that leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support predicted job satisfaction, which in turn predicted work ability index. In addition, job satisfaction fully mediated these relationships. Discussion and implications of the results are presented in the study.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67931_a8acc6eaaf2a9d4707e25904bdd23c8d.pdf
2016-01-01
250
255
Work Ability
Leadership effectiveness
perceived organizational support
Job Satisfaction
Nasrin
Arshadi
narshadi@scu.ac.ir
1
Department of Industrial and Oganizational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Razie
Zare
2
Department of Industrial and Oganizational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Rineer JR. Supporting the aging workforce: The impact of psychosocial workplace characteristics on employees' work ability [Dissertation]. Organ: Portland State University;2015.
1
Ilmarinen J. Towards a longer worklife: Ageing and the quality of worklife in the European Union: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; 2005.
2
Ilmarinen J, Tuomi K, Seitsamo J, editors. New dimensions of work ability. International Congress Series; 2005: Elsevier.
3
Feldt T, Hyvönen K, Mäkikangas A, Kinnunen U, Kokko K. Development trajectories of Finnish managers' work ability over a 10-year follow-up period. Scandinavian J Work, Environ Health. 2009:37-47.
4
Beshlideh K, Sheykh Shabani SE. Designing and testing a model of precedents and outcomes of psychological empowerment. J Behav Sci. 2014;8(4):383-94. [Persian]
5
Hasselhorn HM. Work ability-concept and assessment. Germany: University of Wuppertal. 2008.
6
Ilmarinen J, Tuomi K, editors. Past, present and future of work ability. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Work Ability, Helsinki; 2004.
7
Gould R, Ilmarinen J, Järvisalo J, Koskinen S. Dimensions of work ability: Eläketurvakeskus; 2008.
8
Weigl M, Mueller A, Hornung S, Zacher H, Angerer P. The moderating effects of job control and selection, optimization, and compensation strategies on the ageâwork ability relationship. J Organ Behav. 2013;34(5):607-28.
9
McGonagle AK, Fisher GG, Barnes-Farrell JL, Grosch JW. Individual and work factors related to perceived work ability and labor force outcomes. J Appl Psychol. 2015;100(2):376.
10
Phillips JS, Lord RG. Causal attributions and perceptions of leadership. Organ Behav Hum Perform. 1981;28(2):143-63.
11
Ahmadi-Chegini S, Neisi A, Arshadi N. The relationship of personality and organizational variables with work motivation. J Behav Sci. 2014; 9(2): 147-157. [Persian]
12
Avolio BJ, Bass BM, Zhu FWW. Multifactor leadership questionnaire: manual and sampler set: Mind Garden Redwood City, CA; 2004.
13
Näsman O. Metal Age and Kiva-questionnaire. Mediona/The Archipelago Academy for Well-being at Work Finland; 2011.
14
Eisenberger R, Fasolo P, Davis-LaMastro V. Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. J Appl psychol. 1990;75(1):51.
15
Palermo J, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Walker A, Appannah A. Primary-and secondary-level organizational predictors of work ability. Journal of occupational health psychology. 2013;18(2):220.
16
DeConinck JB, Stilwell CD. Incorporating organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction in a model of turnover intentions. J Business Res. 2004;57(3):225-31.
17
Keller AC, Semmer NK. Changes in situational and dispositional factors as predictors of job satisfaction. J Vocat Behav. 2013;83(1):88-98.
18
Rutherford B, Boles J, Hamwi GA, Madupalli R, Rutherford L. The role of the seven dimensions of job satisfaction in salesperson's attitudes and behaviors. J Business Res. 2009;62(11):1146-51.
19
Yasaie I, Kh A, Kolivand A. The related study of stress and job satisfaction among air force military pilots. J Behav Sci. 2008;1(2):113-119. [Persian]
20
Kjellstrand CO, Gard G. Psychosocial health and work ability among staff working with people with cognitive restrictions and intellectual disabilities. Health. 2014;6(18):2481.
21
Balser DB, Harris MM. Factors affecting employee satisfaction with disability accommodation: a field study. Employee Responsibil Rights J. 2008;20(1):13-28.
22
Buciuniene I, Blazeviciene A, Bliudziute E. Health care reform and job satisfaction of primary health care physicians in Lithuania. BMC Fam Pract. 2005;6(1):10.
23
Bass BM, Riggio RE. Transformational leadership: Psychology Press; 2006.
24
Settoon RP, Bennett N, Liden RC. Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leaderâmember exchange, and employee reciprocity. J Appl Psychol. 1996;81(3):219.
25
Hekman DR, Bigley GA, Steensma HK, Hereford JF. Combined effects of organizational and professional identification on the reciprocity dynamic for professional employees. Academ Manage J. 2009;52(3):506-26.
26
Andrews F, S. W. Social indicators of Well-Being. New York: Plenum Press; 1976.
27
Rentsch JR, Steel RP. Construct and concurrent validation of the Andrews and Withey Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Educ Psychol Measur. 1992;52(2):357-67.
28
Evans MG. The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organ Behav Hum Perform. 1970;5(3):277-98.
29
Burke RJ. Nursing staff attitudes following restructuring: the role of perceived organizational support, restructuring processes and stressors. Int J Soc Soc Policy. 2003;23(8/9):129-57.
30
Miao R-T. Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, task performance and organizational citizenship behavior in China. J Behav Appl Manage. 2011;12(2):105.
31
Mohammad Mosadegh Rad A, Hossein Yarmohammadian M. A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership Health Services. 2006;19(2):11-28.
32
Ilardi BC, Leone D, Kasser T, Ryan RM. Employee and supervisor ratings of motivation: Main effects and discrepancies associated with job satisfaction and adjustment in a factory setting. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1993;23(21):1789-805.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modeling of the effect of coping with stress styles on GAD by brain's executive functions
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the executive functions (EFs) as the mediators between coping with stress styles and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined two styles of coping with stress (problem focused coping (PFC) and emotion focused coping (EFC)) and eight executive functions (inhibition, flexibility, focusing, working memory, decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and meta-cognition).Method: This research was administrated in 250 GAD clinical patients that selected as available samples. SCID interview and DASS-21 applied to diagnose the moderate level of GAD as well as to quantification of the data. The N-Back, Strop, Tower of London and the other tests were the software tests to measure the executive functions.Results: Results showed that the model of coping with stress styles with eight EF mediators to GAD contains the goodness of fit. Both inhibition and flexibility were the mediators that affected GAD were determined as proprietary EFs of this disorder. The meta-cognition was an EF that was affected from both inhibition and working memory.Conclusion: Findings generally showed that PFC is not applied by GAD patients and do not affect GAD except by meta-cognition whereas EFC affect it by inhibition, flexibility, working memory and decision making.
https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67932_dee1428678a309086a3075c5afd7ab4b.pdf
2016-01-01
256
262
Coping With Stress Styles
Executive Functions
flexibility
generalized anxiety disorder
Inhibition
Ghazal
Zand-Karimi
ghazalzandi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyedeh
Yazdi
smyazdi@alzahra.ac.ir
2
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zohreh
Khosravi
zohrehkhosravi@yahoo.com
3
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Dehshiri
dehshiri.ghr@gmail.com
4
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Stuss D, Knight R. Principles of frontal lobe function. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
1
Gazzaniga MS. Cerebral specialization and inter hemispheric communication: Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? J Brain. 2000;137(7):1293-326.
2
Baddeley A, Banse R, Huang Y, Page M. Working memory and emotion: detecting the hedonic detector. J Cogn Psychol. 2012;24(1):6-16.
3
Salloway S, Boyle P, Correia S, Malloy P, Cahn-Weiner D, Schneider L, et al. The Relationship of MRI Sub-cortical Hyper-intensities to Treatment Response in a Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sertraline in Geriatric Depressed Outpatients. Ame J Gen Psycho. 2003;10:107-11.
4
Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M. ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York: Guilford.; 2008.
5
Barkley RA. Executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsy Rev. 2001;11:1-29.
6
Lazarus A, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal and coping New York: Springer; 1984.
7
APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th Edition). Washington DC: Author; 2014.
8
Koenigs M, Grafmanb J. The functional neuro-anatomy of depression: Distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behave Brain Res. 2009;201(2):239-4.
9
Shahabi Z. Investigation of the personality types and Optimism / pessimism in Government offices in Tehran[Dissertation]. Tehran: Al-Zahra University; 2011. [Persian]
10
Hughes A, Beier M, Hartoonian N, Turner A, Amtmann D, Ehde D. Self-efficacy as a longitudinal predictor of perceived cognitive impairment in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(5):913-19.
11
Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Yokoyama K, Matsumura H, Mitani H, et al. The relationship between the prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task and stress-coping style in major depressive disorder: A near infrared spectroscopy study. J Psych Res. 2012;46:1427-34.
12
Cook S, Salmon P, Dunn G, Holcombe C, Cornford P, Fisher P. A prospective study of the association of Meta cognitive beliefs and processes with persistent emotional distress after diagnosis of cancer. J Cog Ther. 2015;39(1):51-60.
13
McAvinue L, Golemme M, Castorina M, Tatti E, Pigni F, Salomone S, et al. Evaluation of working memory training scheme in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:20-30.
14
Dahlin K. Effects of working memory training on reading in children with special needs. J Read Writ. 2011;24:479-91.
15
Mueller EM. Future-oriented decision-making in generalized anxiety disorder is evident across different versions of the Iowa Gambling task. J Behave Ther Exp Psych. 2010;41:165-71.
16
Verkuil B. Effects of explicit and implicit preservative cognition on cardiac recovery after cognitive stress. Int J Psychophysio. 2009;74:220-8.
17
Devisser L. Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and women: Towards gender-specific endophenotypes of anxiety. J Neuropsychol. 2010;48:1598-606.
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Russo M, Mahon K, Burdick K. Measuring cognitive functions in MDD: Merging assessment tools. J Dep Anx. 2015;32:262-9.
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