@article { author = {Khormaei, Farhad and Farmani, Azam}, title = {Patience and its Components in Predicting Bullying among Primary School Students}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {215-219}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of patience and its components (Transcendence, Tolerance, Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation) in predicting bullying among primary school children in Shiraz, Iran. Another purpose was to compare patience and bullying between male and female students.Method: The participants were 317 elementary school students (169 females and 148 males) selected through cluster random sampling. The sample group completed the Child/Adolescence Patience Scale and Revised Olweus Bullying/Victim Questionnaire.Results: The results showed that the total score of patience and its components including Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation had a significant negative correlation with bullying (P <0.01). The total score of patience negatively and significantly predicted bullying (P <0.01; β = -0.31). Hesitation (P <0.01; β = -0.18) and Contentment (P <0.01; β = -0.21) could also negatively and significantly predict bullying. In addition, there was a significant difference in the total score of patience between males and females (P <0.001, t = 5.12) with females obtaining a higher mean on this variable. Also, there was a significant difference between male and female students in Contentment (P <0.01, t =2.79), Persistence (P <0.001, t =5.45), and Hesitation (P <0.001, t =4.56) with females obtaining a higher mean on these variables.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that counselors or psychologists dealing with students try to treat and prevent the phenomenon of bullying among students by using educational strategies of patience.}, keywords = {Transcendence,tolerance,Contentment,Persistence,Hesitation}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67925.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67925_278f6ac45834240fedec39ece888736f.pdf} } @article { author = {Amiri, Mohsen and Behpajooh, Ahmad}, title = {The effect of behavior parent training to mothers of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {220-226}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of training behavior modification methods to mothers of children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) on reducing behavior problems and ADHD symptoms in their children’s.Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and cotrol group. To do so, 24 mothers of children with ADHD were selected and divided into experimental and control groups (12 mothers in each group). Participants filled the Revised Conners’ Parent Rating scale (CPRS-R) and Children’s Behavioral Performance at Home questionnaires. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed behavior modification methods in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis and t test was used for analyzing data. Result: Results from t-test showed behavior modification improved children’s behavioral problems. At the same time, Analysis of Covariance showed the training had decreased hyperactivity symptoms and ADHD index among children of the experimental group, as compared to those of the control group; however, the training was shown to have no effect on attention deficit.Conclusion: In conclusion, findings of this study suggest behavior modification training to mothers can help them decline their children’s behavioral problems.        }, keywords = {Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Behavior Parent Training,Behavioral problems}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67926.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67926_181b72945d1723d8164ff01e7296b86c.pdf} } @article { author = {Lashkary, Arezoo and Karimi-Shahabi, Rogayeh and Hashemi, Touraj}, title = {The role of metacognitive beliefs in depression: Mediating role of rumination}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {227-232}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs in depression by the mediating role of rumination.Method: The present study was conducted with a correlational method. Therefore, 275 students of the University of Tabriz were selected using a stratified sampling method. Beck’s depression inventory, Wells’ metacognitive questionnaire and Treynor’s rumination questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by path analysis using the LISREL Software.Results: The results of the present study indicated that there was a positive relationship between positive and negative beliefs of worry and rumination schemas. Besides, there was a positive relationship between these beliefs and depression. Regarding to the fitness Indexes, the mediating role of rumination in the relation between positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and depression was confirmed.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be proposed that depression could be influenced by dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs (positive and negative beliefs about worry) through different paths. Such effects are intensified by dysfunctional schemas such as rumination. Hence, positive metacognitive beliefs are considered as a trigger for the application of rumination as an incompatible coping style for depression.}, keywords = {Metacognitive Beliefs,Rumination,depression}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67927.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67927_6bff52b0cbbd9106dbb637925433ea53.pdf} } @article { author = {Isanejad, Omid and Amani, Ahmad and Azizi, Arman and Azimifar, Shirin}, title = {The relationship between personality factors, self-control and marital coping strategies with marital conflict}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {233-239}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Conflict is inevitable in intimate relationship in the form of disagreements, dislikes, arguments and tensions. It may result in the renovation if handled properly or deterioration of relationship if managed poorly. The aim of this descriptive- correlation study was to investigate the effects of marital coping strategies, personality and self-control on the marital conflict in a propositional structural model. Methods: The research population consisted of all the parents of elementary school children in Kurdistan in 2014. The two-stage cluster sampling was used. The research instruments were the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, short form), Self- control questionnaire & Marital Coping Inventory (MCI). Required data was collected through research instruments. Correlation analysis, multiple regression and structural equation model was done using AMOS22. Results: The results showed that self- control, personality and marital coping strategies had effects on marital conflict and can predict it. Marital coping strategies have the strongest effect on marital conflict among these variables (-0.74). Conceptual model showed that personality factor had strong effects on marital coping strategies (-0.43) & self- control (-.89).Conclusions: Besides specifying the relationship among research variables, the results indicated that personality factor can affect marital conflict through self – control & marital coping strategies. Considering that personality traits are resistant to change and modification, it seems that family therapists can moderate the effects of personality & reduce marital conflict by intervening on self – control & marital coping strategies.}, keywords = {personality,self-control,Marital Coping Strategies,Marital conflict,Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67928.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67928_9a8be282fbbe01ead93eaf75459dd785.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini, Khatereh and Shahgholian, Mahnaz and Abdollahi, Mohammad-Hossein}, title = {Hardiness, defense Mechanisms, negative self-portrayal scale in applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {240-245}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Today the psychological factor is one of the controversial subjects in tendency to cosmetic surgery.Objectives: This study aimed to compare the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal scale among cosmetic surgery applicants with non-applicants.Patients and Methods: This causal-comparative study carried out in Tehran, Iran from April to June 2015. The samples of this study included 60 applicants and non- applicants of cosmetic surgery referred to private clinic for cosmetic surgery in regions one and two in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling. The study tools included defense mechanisms questionnaires and psychological hardiness questionnaires, negative self-portrayal scale questionnaire and a questionnaire of demographic. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance  and multivariate tests.Results: Results of the multivariate analysis of variance test indicated a significant difference between the applicant and the non-applicant of cosmetic surgery in hardiness aspects (control and commitment), defensive styles (matured, immature and neurotic), and negative self-portrayal scale (anxiety signs and physical appearance).Conclusions: Due to differences between the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal scale among applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery, it is important to pay much attention to psychological structures before doing cosmetic surgery.}, keywords = {hardiness,Defense Mechanisms,Negative Self Image,cosmetic surgery}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67929.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67929_f76458d78f3d1cfc55b3f804cbb28dc5.pdf} } @article { author = {Dehnavi, Saeed and Hashemi, Seyed-Farnaz and Zadeh-Mohammadi, Ali}, title = {The effectiveness of psychodrama on reducing depression among multiple sclerosis patients}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {246-249}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {AbstractIntroduction: Psychodrama, as a form of art therapy, helps people to enact and use role-plays for a specific problem, rather than just talking about it, in an effort to review the problem, gain feedback from group members, find appropriate solutions, and practice them for their life. The current paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy on the reduction of depression for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Method: This is a quasi-experimental research study, using pre-post and follow-up testing plan with control group. Using a convenience sampling technique, a total of 20 individuals are selected among clients with multiple sclerosis referring to Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society. The subjects are randomly placed into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participates in a twelve-session therapy plan for 6 weeks, while the control group receives no intervention.  In order to collect data, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the demographical information questionnaire are used. Data analysis is performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: The results show a decrease in the post test and follow-up test scores for depression, and such decrease is statistically significant.Conclusion: The findings indicate the effectiveness of the psychodrama intervention to decrease depression among patients with MS. Hence, it will be helpful to take great concern over psychological treatments for these cases.}, keywords = {Psychodrama,depression,Multiple Sclerosis}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67930.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67930_393a256f3a18ffefa211b1f7a040e129.pdf} } @article { author = {Arshadi, Nasrin and Zare, Razie}, title = {Leadership effectiveness, perceived organizational support and work ability: Mediating role of job satisfaction}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {250-255}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Present study tested a model consisting work ability as dependent variable and leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support as independent variable, with job satisfaction as its mediator. Data were gathered from a sample of 330 employees of an industrial organization in Iran, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Of this sample, 72 percent were men and average age was 41 years. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-16 and AMOS-16 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using the bootstrap procedure in Preacher and Hayes (2008) SPSS Macro program for mediation. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data. Better fit and more meaningful results obtained by adding 1 paths and using AMOS modification indices. The results supported components of the proposed model, in that leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support predicted job satisfaction, which in turn predicted work ability index. In addition, job satisfaction fully mediated these relationships. Discussion and implications of the results are presented in the study.}, keywords = {Work Ability,Leadership effectiveness,perceived organizational support,Job Satisfaction}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67931.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67931_a8acc6eaaf2a9d4707e25904bdd23c8d.pdf} } @article { author = {Zand-Karimi, Ghazal and Yazdi, Seyedeh and Khosravi, Zohreh and Dehshiri, Gholamreza}, title = {Modeling of the effect of coping with stress styles on GAD by brain's executive functions}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {256-262}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-1194}, eissn = {2676-2900}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the executive functions (EFs) as the mediators between coping with stress styles and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined two styles of coping with stress (problem focused coping (PFC) and emotion focused coping (EFC)) and eight executive functions (inhibition, flexibility, focusing, working memory, decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and meta-cognition).Method: This research was administrated in 250 GAD clinical patients that selected as available samples. SCID interview and DASS-21 applied to diagnose the moderate level of GAD as well as to quantification of the data. The N-Back, Strop, Tower of London and the other tests were the software tests to measure the executive functions.Results: Results showed that the model of coping with stress styles with eight EF mediators to GAD contains the goodness of fit. Both inhibition and flexibility were the mediators that affected GAD were determined as proprietary EFs of this disorder. The meta-cognition was an EF that was affected from both inhibition and working memory.Conclusion: Findings generally showed that PFC is not applied by GAD patients and do not affect GAD except by meta-cognition whereas EFC affect it by inhibition, flexibility, working memory and decision making.}, keywords = {Coping With Stress Styles,Executive Functions,flexibility,generalized anxiety disorder,Inhibition}, url = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67932.html}, eprint = {https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67932_dee1428678a309086a3075c5afd7ab4b.pdf} }